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to shift the scenery

Толкование Перевод

1 shift

ʃift
1. verb
1) (to change (the) position or direction (of): We spent the whole evening shifting furniture around; The wind shifted to the west overnight.) mover, desplazar

2) (to transfer: She shifted the blame on to me.) traspasar, transferir

3) (to get rid of: This detergent shifts stains.) quitar

2. noun
1) (a change (of position etc): a shift of emphasis.) cambio

2) (a group of people who begin work on a job when another group stop work: The night shift does the heavy work.) turno

3) (the period during which such a group works: an eight-hour shift; (also adjective) shift work.) turno

•

- shiftless
- shiftlessness
- shifty
- shiftily
- shiftiness

shift¹ n turno

the day shift is from 8 to 4 el turno de día es de 8 a 4

shift² vb mover

the wardrobe was very heavy, he couldn't shift it el armario pesaba mucho, no lo podía mover

shift

tr[ʃɪft]

noun

1 (change) cambio

■ a shift in policy un cambio de política

■ a shift in political opinions un cambio en las opiniones políticas

■ a shift away from traditional industries towards the service sector un alejamiento de las industrias tradicionales hacia el sector de servicios

2 (of work, workers) turno

■ the day/night shift el turno de día/de noche

■ he works a ten-hour shift hace un turno de diez horas

■ they work in shifts trabajan por turnos

3 (on keyboerd) tecla de las mayúsculas

4 dated (trick, scheme, expedient) expediente nombre masculino, recurso

5 (dress) vestido suelto; (undergarment, chemise) enagua

transitive verb

1 (change) cambiar; (move) desplazar, mover

■ he shifted his feet movió sus pies

■ they couldn't shift the piano no podían mover el piano

■ come on! shift yourself! ¡venga! ¡muévete!

2 (transfer) traspasar, transferir

■ don't shift the blame onto me! ¡no me cargues la culpa a mí!

■ the royal wedding has shifted attention away from the political scandals la boda real ha distraído la atención de los escándalos políticos

3 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL familiar (remove, get rid of) quitar; (sell) vender

■ this new detergent will shift any stain este nuevo detergente quitará cualquier mancha

■ we've not shifted much today hoy no hemos vendido mucho

4 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (change gear) cambiar

intransitive verb

1 (change) cambiar

■ the wind shifted el viento cambió de dirección

2 (move) moverse, cambiar de sitio, desplazarse; (cargo) correrse

■ he shifted uneasily in his seat se movía intranquilo en el asiento

3 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (change gear) cambiar de marcha

4 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL familiar (move fast) volar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to make shift with something arreglárselas con algo

to shift for oneself arreglárselas sólo

to shift one's ground cambiar de posición

shift key tecla de las mayúsculas

shift worker trabajador,-ra por turnos

shift ['ʃɪft] vt

1) change: cambiar

to shift gears: cambiar de velocidad

2) move: mover

3) transfer: transferir

to shift the blame: echarle la culpa (a otro)

shift vi

1) change: cambiar

2) move: moverse

3)

to shift for oneself : arreglárselas solo

shift n

1) change, transfer: cambio m

a shift in priorities: un cambio de prioridades

2) : turno m

night shift: turno de noche

3) dress: vestido m (suelto)

4) gearshift

shift

n.

• cambio s.m.

• movimiento s.m.

• recurso s.m.

• tanda s.f.

• turno s.m.

v.

• botar v.

• cambiar (Automóvil) (de marcha) v.

• desplazar v.

• ingeniarse v.

• mover v.

• mudar v.

I
1. ʃɪft
transitive verb

1)

a) ( change position of) \<\<object/furniture\>\> correr, mover*

to shift the scenery — ( Theat) cambiar el decorado

b) (transfer, switch)

they tried to shift the responsibility onto us — trataron de cargarnos la responsabilidad

2) (BrE colloq)

a) (move, remove)

shift yourself, will you! — quítate de ahí!

I can't shift this nail — este clavo no hay quien lo saque

b) ( get rid of) \<\<stain\>\> quitar, sacar* (esp AmL); \<\<cold/allergy\>\> quitarse de encima

3) ( sell) \<\<stock\>\> vender

2.

vi

1)

a) (change position, direction) \<\<cargo\>\> correrse; \<\<wind\>\> cambiar

he shifted uneasily in his chair — se movía intranquilo en la silla

b) (switch, change over)

the focus of attention has shifted to Europe — el foco de atención ha pasado a Europa

c) shifting pres p <opinion/moods> cambiante

shifting sands — arenas fpl movedizas

2) (BrE)

a) ( move) (colloq)

shift up/along a bit — córrete un poco

b) ( budge) ceder, transigir*

3) ( manage)

to shift for oneself — arreglárselas solo

4) ( change gear) (AmE) cambiar de marcha or de velocidad

II

noun

1) ( change in position) cambio m

there was a shift in public opinion — hubo un cambio or un viraje en la opinión pública

a major population shift — un desplazamiento masivo de población

2) ( work period) turno m

to work the day/night shift — hacer* el turno de día/de noche

to work (in) shifts — trabajar por turnos; (before n)

shift work/worker — trabajo mabajador, -dora m,f por turnos

3)

a) ( undergarment) enagua f

b) ( dress) vestido m suelto

4) (AmE Auto) palanca m de cambio or (Méx) de velocidades

[ʃɪft]
1. N

1) (=change) cambio m

there has been a shift in attitudes on the part of consumers — ha habido un cambio de actitud por parte de los consumidores

a shift in weather patterns — un cambio en el comportamiento del tiempo

there was a shift in the wind — el viento cambió de dirección, se produjo un cambio de dirección del viento

the shift to a market economy — la transición hacia una economía de mercado

some have problems making the shift from one culture to another — algunos tienen problemas al hacer el cambio de una cultura a otra

- make shift with/without sth

2) (=period of work) turno m ; (=group of workers) tanda f

day/night shift — turno m de día/noche

to work (in) shifts — trabajar por turnos

I work an eight-hour shift — trabajo or hago turnos de ocho horas

3) (US) (Aut) (=gear shift) palanca f de cambio

4) (=dress) vestido m suelto; (=undergarment) combinación f, viso m

5) (Geol) desplazamiento m

2. VT

1) (=change) [+ opinion, tactics, policy] cambiar

the result shifted the balance of power in their favour — el resultado cambió el equilibrio político or inclinó la balanza del poder a su favor

to shift one's ground — cambiar de opinión or parecer

to shift one's position — cambiar de postura

2) (=transfer)

she shifted her weight to the other leg — cambió el peso a la otra pierna, volcó su peso sobre la otra pierna

voters shifted their allegiance — los votantes trasladaron su lealtad a otro partido

to shift the blame onto sb else — cargar a otro con la culpa, echar la culpa a otro

they're trying to shift the blame — intentan cargar a otro con la culpa, intentan echar or pasar la culpa a otro

he shifted his gaze to me — pasó a fijarse en mí

3) (=move) mover

he shifted the chair closer to the bed — movió la silla acercándola a la cama

to shift scenery — (Theat) cambiar el decorado

shift yourself! * — ¡quítate del medio or de en medio!, ¡muévete!

4) (=sell) [+ stock] deshacerse de, vender

5) (=get rid of) [+ cold] quitarse (de encima); [+ stain] quitar

6) (US) (Aut) [+ gear] cambiar de

3. VI

1) (=move) [person] moverse; [load, cargo] correrse

he shifted uncomfortably in his seat — se removía incómodo en la silla

she shifted from one foot to the other — cambiaba de un pie a otro

2) (=change, transfer) [wind] cambiar de dirección; [attitudes, mood] cambiar

world attention has shifted away from China — el foco de atención mundial se ha alejado de China

the emphasis now has shifted to preventive medicine — ahora se hace más hincapié en la medicina preventiva

the scene shifts to Burgos — la escena se traslada a Burgos

we couldn't get him to shift — no logramos hacerle cambiar de actitud

3) * (=move quickly) volar

that car was really shifting — ¡ese coche corría que volaba or que se las pelaba! *

4) (US)
(Aut)
to shift into high/low gear — cambiar a una velocidad más alta/baja

the presidential campaign has shifted into high gear — la campaña por la presidencia se ha acelerado

5)

to shift for o.s. — arreglárselas solo

4.

CPD

shift key N — tecla f de mayúsculas

shift lock N — tecla f de bloqueo de mayúsculas (Sp), tecla f fijamayúsculas (LAm)

shift system N — [of work] sistema m de turnos

shift register N — registro m de desplazamiento

shift work N — trabajo m por turnos

shift worker N — trabajador(a) m / f por turnos

- shift along

- shift around

- shift down

- shift over

- shift up

* * *

I
1. [ʃɪft]
transitive verb

1)

a) ( change position of) \<\<object/furniture\>\> correr, mover*

to shift the scenery — ( Theat) cambiar el decorado

b) (transfer, switch)

they tried to shift the responsibility onto us — trataron de cargarnos la responsabilidad

2) (BrE colloq)

a) (move, remove)

shift yourself, will you! — quítate de ahí!

I can't shift this nail — este clavo no hay quien lo saque

b) ( get rid of) \<\<stain\>\> quitar, sacar* (esp AmL); \<\<cold/allergy\>\> quitarse de encima

3) ( sell) \<\<stock\>\> vender

2.

vi

1)

a) (change position, direction) \<\<cargo\>\> correrse; \<\<wind\>\> cambiar

he shifted uneasily in his chair — se movía intranquilo en la silla

b) (switch, change over)

the focus of attention has shifted to Europe — el foco de atención ha pasado a Europa

c) shifting pres p <opinion/moods> cambiante

shifting sands — arenas fpl movedizas

2) (BrE)

a) ( move) (colloq)

shift up/along a bit — córrete un poco

b) ( budge) ceder, transigir*

3) ( manage)

to shift for oneself — arreglárselas solo

4) ( change gear) (AmE) cambiar de marcha or de velocidad

II

noun

1) ( change in position) cambio m

there was a shift in public opinion — hubo un cambio or un viraje en la opinión pública

a major population shift — un desplazamiento masivo de población

2) ( work period) turno m

to work the day/night shift — hacer* el turno de día/de noche

to work (in) shifts — trabajar por turnos; (before n)

shift work/worker — trabajo m/trabajador, -dora m,f por turnos

3)

a) ( undergarment) enagua f

b) ( dress) vestido m suelto

4) (AmE Auto) palanca m de cambio or (Méx) de velocidades

English-spanish dictionary > shift
2 shift

shift [ʃɪft]

1 noun

(a) (change) changement m;

∎ a shift in position/opinion un changement de position/d'avis;

∎ there was a sudden shift in public opinion/the situation il y a eu un revirement d'opinion/de situation;

∎ there was a light shift in the wind le vent a légèrement tourné;

∎ Politics a shift to the right/left un glissement à droite/gauche;

∎ Linguistics a shift in meaning un glissement de sens;

∎ Linguistics consonant/vowel shift mutation f consonantique/vocalique;

∎ Astronomy blue/red shift décalage m vers le bleu/rouge

(b) (move) déplacement m;

∎ there's been a shift of population towards the towns on a assisté à un déplacement de la population vers les villes;

∎ British familiar get a shift on! grouille-toi!, magne-toi!

(c) Industry (work period) poste m; (group of workers) équipe f, brigade f;

∎ what shift are you on this week? à quel poste avez-vous été affecté cette semaine?;

∎ I'm on the night/morning shift je suis dans l'équipe de nuit/du matin;

∎ she works long shifts elle fait de longues heures;

∎ he's on eight-hour shifts il fait les trois-huit;

∎ to work shifts, to be on shifts travailler en équipe, faire les trois-huit;

∎ when does or do the morning shift arrive? à quelle heure arrive l'équipe du matin?

(d) (turn, relay) relais m;

∎ to do sth in shifts se relayer;

∎ there was a lot of work so they did it in shifts comme il y avait beaucoup de travail, ils se sont relayés (pour le faire);

∎ I'm exhausted, can you take a shift at the wheel? je suis épuisé, peux-tu me relayer au volant?

(e) American Cars

∎ (gear) shift (lever) levier m de (changement de) vitesse; (action) changement m de vitesse

(f) old-fashioned (expedient) expédient m;

∎ to make shift with sth se contenter de qch

(g) (dress) (robe f) fourreau m; old-fashioned (woman's slip) combinaison f

(h) Computing (in word processing, telegraphy etc) touche f majuscule; (in arithmetical operation) décalage m;

∎ press shift appuyer sur la touche majuscule;

∎ an asterisk is shift 8 pour l'astérisque, il faut appuyer simultanément sur la touche majuscule et la touche 8

2 transitive verb

(a) (move → object) déplacer, bouger; (→ part of body) bouger, remuer; Theatre (scenery) changer;

∎ it took three strong men to shift the wardrobe il a fallu trois hommes forts pour déplacer l'armoire;

∎ help me shift the bed nearer the window aide-moi à rapprocher le lit de ou pousser le lit vers la fenêtre;

∎ the drawer's stuck, I can't shift it le tiroir est coincé, je ne peux le faire bouger;

∎ familiar shift yourself! (move) pousse-toi!, bouge-toi!; (hurry) remue-toi!, grouille-toi!;

∎ he's got a job shifting scenery il a trouvé du travail comme machiniste

(b) (transfer → employee) (to new job, place of work) muter; (to new department) affecter; (→ blame, responsibility) rejeter;

∎ they've shifted offices again ils ont déménagé de nouveau;

∎ he keeps getting shifted to a different job on n'arrête pas de le muter;

∎ they're trying to shift the blame onto me ils essaient de rejeter la responsabilité sur moi;

∎ we're trying to shift the balance towards exports nous essayons de mettre l'accent sur les exportations;

∎ the latest developments have shifted attention away from this area les événements récents ont détourné l'attention de cette région;

∎ they won't be shifted from their opinion impossible de les faire changer d'avis;

∎ to shift ground or one's position changer de position

(c) (remove → stain) enlever, faire partir

(d) American

∎ to shift gears changer de vitesse

(e) familiar (sell) écouler^□, fourguer;

∎ how can we shift this old stock? comment écouler ou nous débarrasser de ces vieilles marchandises?

(f) familiar (eat, drink) s'envoyer;

∎ hurry up and shift that pint! dépêche-toi d'écluser ta pinte!

3 intransitive verb

(a) (move) se déplacer, bouger;

∎ the cargo has shifted in the hold la cargaison s'est déplacée dans la cale;

∎ the table won't shift, it's bolted to the floor on ne peut pas bouger la table, elle est fixée au sol;

∎ the anticyclone is expected to shift eastwards l'anticyclone devrait se déplacer vers l'est;

∎ she kept shifting from one foot to the other elle n'arrêtait pas de se balancer d'un pied sur l'autre;

∎ could you shift? (out of the way) pouvez-vous dégager?

(b) (change, switch → gen) changer; (→ wind) tourner;

∎ their policy has shifted over the last week leur politique a changé ou s'est modifiée au cours de la semaine;

∎ Theatre the scene shifts la scène change;

∎ in the second act the scene shifts to Venice dans le deuxième acte, l'action se déroule à Venise;

∎ he wouldn't shift (in negotiations etc) il est resté ferme sur ses positions;

∎ American Cars to shift into fourth (gear) passer en quatrième (vitesse)

(c) British familiar (move quickly) foncer;

∎ he was really shifting il fonçait carrément;

∎ this car can really shift! cette voiture est un vrai bolide!

(d) (manage)

∎ to shift for oneself se débrouiller tout seul;

∎ he's had to learn to shift for himself since his wife left il a dû apprendre à se débrouiller tout seul depuis le départ de sa femme;

∎ she can or knows how to shift for herself elle est débrouillarde

(e) (stain) partir, s'enlever;

∎ this stain won't shift cette tache ne veut pas partir

(f) British familiar (sell) se vendre^□ ;

∎ those TVs just aren't shifting at all ces télévisions ne se vendent pas du tout

►► Computing shift key touche f majuscule;

Computing shift lock touche f de blocage des majuscules;

American Cars shift stick levier m de (changement de) vitesse, French Canadian bras m de vitesse;

shift work travail m en équipe;

∎ she does shift work elle fait les trois-huit;

shift worker = personne qui fait les trois-huit

➲ shift over, shift up intransitive verb

familiar se pousser^□, se déplacer^□ ;

∎ can you shift over or up a bit? tu peux te pousser un peu?

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > shift
3 shift

I [ʃɪft]
nome

1) (alteration) cambiamento m. (in di)

a shift to the left — pol. uno spostamento verso sinistra

the shift from agriculture to industry — il passaggio dall'agricoltura all'industria

2) ind. (period of time) turno m.; (group of workers) squadra f. di turno, turno m.

to work shifts o be on shifts fare i turni; to be on night shifts — fare il turno di notte, fare la notte

3) (woman's dress) chemisier m.; (undergarment) ant. sottoveste f.

4) ling. mutamento m. linguistico

5) AE aut. gearshift

6) (on keyboard) shift key
II 1. [ʃɪft]
verbo transitivo

1) (move) spostare [furniture, vehicle]; muovere, spostare [ arm]; teatr. cambiare [ scenery]

to shift one's position — fig. cambiare posizione o idea

2) (get rid of) fare scomparire, eliminare [stain, dirt]

I can't shift this cold! — BE colloq. non riesco a liberarmi di questo raffreddore!

3) (transfer) (to another department) avvicendare; (to another town, country) trasferire [ employee]; fig. scaricare [ blame] ( onto su)

to shift attention away from a problem — distogliere l'attenzione da un problema

4) AE aut.

to shift gear — cambiare marcia
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (anche shift about) (move around) [ load] spostarsi, muoversi

to shift from one foot to the other — spostare il peso da un piede all'altro

2) (move)

the scene shifts to Ireland — cinem. teatr. la scena si sposta in Irlanda

this stain won't shift! — questa macchia non se ne vuole andare!

shift! — BE colloq. spostati! fatti più in là!

3) (change) [ attitude] cambiare, modificarsi; [ wind] girare, cambiare (direzione)

opinion has shifted to the right — l'opinione pubblica ha virato a destra

4) BE colloq. (go quickly) [ person] andare a tutta birra; [ vehicle] filare

5) AE aut.

to shift into second gear — mettere la seconda
3.
verbo riflessivo

to shift oneself — spostarsi

* * *
[ʃift] 1. verb
1) (to change (the) position or direction (of): We spent the whole evening shifting furniture around; The wind shifted to the west overnight.) spostare, spostarsi

2) (to transfer: She shifted the blame on to me.) spostare

3) (to get rid of: This detergent shifts stains.) togliere
2. noun
1) (a change (of position etc): a shift of emphasis.) cambiamento

2) (a group of people who begin work on a job when another group stop work: The night shift does the heavy work.) (squadra di turno)

3) (the period during which such a group works: an eight-hour shift; ( also adjective) shift work.) turno

•

- shiftless
- shiftlessness
- shifty
- shiftily
- shiftiness
* * *
shift /ʃɪft/
n.

1 cambiamento; mutamento; avvicendamento; sostituzione; spostamento: a shift in public opinion, un cambiamento dell'opinione pubblica

2 turno ( di lavoro): to work the night shift, fare il turno di notte; to work in shifts, lavorare a turni: DIALOGO → - Asking about routine 2- I work six-hour shifts, faccio turni di sei ore; ( USA) graveyard shift, (squadra del) turno di notte; DIALOGO → - Asking about routine 2- How long are your shifts?, quanto durano i tuoi turni?

3 squadra di turno: shift boss, capo della squadra di turno

4 espediente; risorsa; stratagemma; sotterfugio; trucchetto: to live by shifts, vivere di espedienti

5 ( del vento) salto

6 (agric.) rotazione; avvicendamento: the shift of crops, la rotazione delle colture

7 (autom., USA, = gearshift) (leva del) cambio: ( USA) stick shift, cambio sul pavimento

8 (fis.) spostamento: Doppler shift, spostamento Doppler

9 (geol.) rigetto orizzontale

10 (ling.) rotazione; spostamento dei suoni: consonant shift, rotazione consonantica (delle lingue germaniche); the great vowel shift, la grande rotazione vocalica (dal «Middle English» all'ingl. moderno)

11 ( sport) scarto ( di un cavallo, un atleta)

12 ( atletica) rotazione del corpo ( nel lancio del martello)

13 (arc.) camicia, sottoveste, camicia da notte ( da donna)

14 (arc.) imbroglio, truffa

● ( di tastiera) shift key, tasto delle maiuscole □ ( di tastiera) shift lock, tasto fissamaiuscole; fissamaiuscole (sost. m.) □ (ling.) shift of meaning, slittamento di senso □ (autom., USA) shift stick, leva del cambio □ shift worker, turnista □ to make shift, ingegnarsi; arrabattarsi: We must make shift without him, dobbiamo ingegnarci senza di lui (o fare da soli) □ to make shift with st., fare lo stesso con qc.; accontentarsi di qc.
♦ (to) shift /ʃɪft/
A v. t.

1 spostare; cambiare; mutare; sostituire: to shift the weight from one's back, spostare il peso dalle proprie spalle; to shift the cargo on the deck of a ship, spostare il carico sul ponte di una nave; to shift the scene, cambiar la scena (a teatr., in un romanzo, ecc.); to shift one's lodging, mutar residenza; cambiare casa

2 trasferire; avvicendare ( personale); ( sport) spostare, dirottare ( un giocatore)

3 togliere, mandare via ( macchie e sim.)

4 (fam.) disfarsi di, piazzare, vendere: to shift stolen goods, piazzare merce rubata

5 (comput.) scorrere; fare scorrere (angl.)

6 (fam.) ingurgitare; tracannare

B v. i.

1 spostarsi; muoversi; viaggiare continuamente; trasferirsi: He shifted in his chair, si è spostato sulla sedia; They shifted about for several years, si sono trasferiti da una città all'altra per alcuni anni

2 cambiare; mutare: The scene shifted, la scena è cambiata; Tastes have shifted, sono mutati i gusti

3 ( del vento) cambiare direzione, voltarsi; (naut.) girare: The wind has shifted to the south, il vento ha girato verso sud

4 ( di solito to shift for oneself) arrangiarsi; ingegnarsi: I must shift as I can, devo arrangiarmi alla meglio; You must shift for yourself now, devi ingegnarti da solo, ora

5 (naut.: del carico) spostarsi; scorrere

6 (autom., USA) cambiare (marcia)

7 (fam.) andare a tutta birra

8 ( raro arc.) usar sotterfugi; ingannare; truffare

● to shift one's balance, spostare il peso del corpo □ (naut.) to shift berth, cambiare ormeggio □ to shift the blame onto sb. else, gettare (o far ricadere) la colpa su un altro; dare la colpa a un altro □ (leg.) to shift the burden of proof, scaricare l'onere della prova sulla parte avversa □ to shift for oneself, fare da sé; cavarsela da solo; arrangiarsi □ (autom.) to shift gears, cambiare marcia; (fig.) cambiare tono (o atteggiamento, ecc.) all'improvviso □ (fig.) to shift one's ground, portare la questione su un terreno diverso □ (naut.) to shift the helm, cambiare la barra □ to shift the hip, spostare il bacino □ (autom., spec. USA) to shift into second [third], inserire (o mettere) la seconda [la terza] □ (autom.) to shift into top gear, mettere (o inserire) la marcia più alta; ingranare la quinta; (fig.) accelerare il ritmo ( del lavoro, ecc.) □ to shift the responsibility, scaricare la responsabilità; fare a scaricabarile (fam.).

* * *
I [ʃɪft]
nome

1) (alteration) cambiamento m. (in di)

a shift to the left — pol. uno spostamento verso sinistra

the shift from agriculture to industry — il passaggio dall'agricoltura all'industria

2) ind. (period of time) turno m.; (group of workers) squadra f. di turno, turno m.

to work shifts o be on shifts fare i turni; to be on night shifts — fare il turno di notte, fare la notte

3) (woman's dress) chemisier m.; (undergarment) ant. sottoveste f.

4) ling. mutamento m. linguistico

5) AE aut. gearshift

6) (on keyboard) shift key
II 1. [ʃɪft]
verbo transitivo

1) (move) spostare [furniture, vehicle]; muovere, spostare [ arm]; teatr. cambiare [ scenery]

to shift one's position — fig. cambiare posizione o idea

2) (get rid of) fare scomparire, eliminare [stain, dirt]

I can't shift this cold! — BE colloq. non riesco a liberarmi di questo raffreddore!

3) (transfer) (to another department) avvicendare; (to another town, country) trasferire [ employee]; fig. scaricare [ blame] ( onto su)

to shift attention away from a problem — distogliere l'attenzione da un problema

4) AE aut.

to shift gear — cambiare marcia
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (anche shift about) (move around) [ load] spostarsi, muoversi

to shift from one foot to the other — spostare il peso da un piede all'altro

2) (move)

the scene shifts to Ireland — cinem. teatr. la scena si sposta in Irlanda

this stain won't shift! — questa macchia non se ne vuole andare!

shift! — BE colloq. spostati! fatti più in là!

3) (change) [ attitude] cambiare, modificarsi; [ wind] girare, cambiare (direzione)

opinion has shifted to the right — l'opinione pubblica ha virato a destra

4) BE colloq. (go quickly) [ person] andare a tutta birra; [ vehicle] filare

5) AE aut.

to shift into second gear — mettere la seconda
3.
verbo riflessivo

to shift oneself — spostarsi

English-Italian dictionary > shift
4 shift

1. transitive verb
1) (move) verrücken, umstellen [Möbel]; wegnehmen [Arm, Hand, Fuß]; wegräumen [Schutt]; entfernen [Schmutz, Fleck]; (to another floor, room, or place) verlegen [Büro, Patienten, Schauplatz]

shift one's weight to the other foot — sein Gewicht auf den anderen Fuß verlagern

shift the responsibility/blame on to somebody — (fig.) die Verantwortung/Schuld auf jemanden schieben

2) (Amer. Motor Veh.)

shift gears — schalten
2. intransitive verb
1) [Wind:] drehen (to nach); [Ladung:] verrutschen

shift uneasily in one's chair — unruhig auf dem Stuhl hin und her rutschen

2) (manage)

shift for oneself — selbst für sich sorgen

3) (coll.): (move quickly) rasen

this new Porsche really shifts — der neue Porsche geht ab wie eine Rakete (ugs.)

4) (Amer. Motor Veh.): (change gear) schalten

shift down into second gear — in den zweiten Gang runterschalten (ugs.)
3. noun
1)

a shift in emphasis — eine Verlagerung des Akzents

a shift in values/public opinion — ein Wandel der Wertvorstellungen/ein Umschwung der öffentlichen Meinung

a shift towards/away from liberalism — eine Hinwendung zum/Abwendung vom Liberalismus

2) (for work) Schicht, die

eight-hour/late shift — Achtstunden-/Spätschicht, die

do or work the late shift — Spätschicht haben

work in shifts — Schichtarbeit machen

3)

make shift with/without something — sich (Dat.) mit/ohne etwas behelfen

4) (of typewriter) Umschaltung, die

5) (Amer. Motor Veh.): (gear change) Schaltung, die

* * *
[ʃift] 1. verb
1) (to change (the) position or direction (of): We spent the whole evening shifting furniture around; The wind shifted to the west overnight.) verschieben,umspringen

2) (to transfer: She shifted the blame on to me.) abschieben

3) (to get rid of: This detergent shifts stains.) entfernen
2. noun
1) (a change (of position etc): a shift of emphasis.) die Veränderung

2) (a group of people who begin work on a job when another group stop work: The night shift does the heavy work.) die Schicht

3) (the period during which such a group works: an eight-hour shift; ( also adjective) shift work.) die Schicht; Schicht-...

•

- academic.ru/66614/shiftless">shiftless
- shiftlessness
- shifty
- shiftily
- shiftiness
* * *

shift

[ʃɪft]

I. vt

1. (move)

▪ to \shift sth etw [weg]bewegen; (move slightly) furniture etw verschieben

we \shifted all the furniture into the spare bedroom wir haben die ganzen Möbel in das freie Zimmer gebracht

to \shift sth out of the way etw aus dem Weg räumen [o wegräumen

2. (transfer elsewhere)

to \shift the blame die Schuld abwälzen

to \shift the blame onto sb die Schuld auf jdn abwälzen, jdm die Schuld zuschieben

to \shift the emphasis die Betonung [o Gewichtung] verlagern [o verändern]

to \shift one's ground seinen Standpunkt ändern

to \shift one's weight das Gewicht verlagern

3. esp AM MECH

to \shift gears schalten

4. BRIT, AUS ( fam: get rid of)

▪ to \shift sth etw entfernen [o fam wegmachen] [o ÖSTERR fam wegtun]

to \shift stains Flecken entfernen [o fam rausmachen] [o ÖSTERR fam rausputzen

5. BRIT, AUS ( fam: sell)

▪ to \shift sth etw verkaufen

6. COMPUT

▪ to \shift sth etw umschalten

II. vi

1. (move) sich akk bewegen; (change position) die [o seine] Position verändern

it won't \shift es lässt sich nicht bewegen

she \shifted uneasily from one foot to the other sie trat unruhig von einem Fuß auf den anderen

the wind is \shifting to the east der Wind dreht nach Osten

the balance of power has \shifted in China's favour das Gleichgewicht der Kräfte hat sich zu Gunsten Chinas verlagert

media attention has \shifted recently onto environmental issues die Medien haben ihr Interesse neuerdings den Umweltthemen zugewandt

his eyes kept \shifting to the clock seine Augen wanderten ständig zur Uhr

2. esp AM AUTO

▪ to \shift up/down hinauf-/hinunterschalten

to \shift into reverse den Rückwärtsgang einlegen

3. BRIT (sl: move over)

would you \shift mach mal bitte Platz fam, rutsch mal rüber fam

4. ( dated: fend)

to \shift for oneself für sich akk selbst sorgen, allein zurechtkommen

5. BRIT ( fam: move very fast) schnell fahren

that car can really \shift! dieses Auto zieht wirklich gut

III. n

1. (alteration) Wechsel m, Änderung f

there was an abrupt \shift of economic policy in November im November kam es zu einem plötzlichen Kurswechsel in der Wirtschaftspolitik

a \shift in the temperature is expected tonight heute Nacht soll die Temperatur umschlagen

a fundamental \shift in people's attitudes to drinking and driving has taken place die Einstellung der Leute gegenüber Alkohol am Steuer hat sich grundlegend geändert

a \shift in the balance of power eine Verlagerung im Gleichgewicht der Kräfte

a \shift in opinion ein Meinungsumschwung m

2. LING Lautverschiebung f

consonant/vowel \shift Konsonanten-/Vokalverschiebung f

3. (period of work) Schicht f

day/night \shift Tag-/Nachtschicht f

to be on the night \shift Nachtschicht haben

to work in \shifts Schicht arbeiten, Schichtdienst machen

4. + sing/pl vb (people working a shift) Schicht f

5. (type of dress) Hänger m

* * *
[ʃɪft]
1. n

1) (= change) Änderung f; (in policy, opinion) Wandel m, Änderung f; (LING) Verschiebung f; (MUS) Lagenwechsel m; (from one place to another) Verlegung f

a shift of scene — ein Szenenwechsel m

a shift in direction — eine Richtungsänderung

a shift in public opinion — ein Meinungsumschwung m in der Bevölkerung

a shift of or in emphasis — eine Gewichtsverlagerung

a population shift — eine Bevölkerungsverschiebung

this shows a shift away from the government — dies lässt eine für die Regierung ungünstige Tendenz erkennen

a new shift toward(s) liberalism — ein neuer Trend zum Liberalismus

2) (AUT: gear shift) Schaltung f

3) (= period at work, group of workers) Schicht f

to work (in) shifts — in Schichten arbeiten

4) (= stratagem) List f, Kniff m; (= expedient) Ausweg m

to make shift with/without sth — sich mit/ohne etw behelfen

5) (= dress) Hemdkleid nt; (old = undergarment) Hemd nt

2. vt

1) (= move) (von der Stelle) bewegen; screw, nail loskriegen, rauskriegen; lid abkriegen; cork rauskriegen; furniture verrücken; head, arm wegnehmen; (from one place to another) verlagern, verschieben; offices etc verlegen; rubble, boulder wegräumen

to shift scenery — Kulissen schieben

to shift sb from an opinion — jdn von einer Meinung abbringen

he stood shifting his weight from foot to foot — er trat von einem Fuß auf den anderen

to shift one's gaze — seinen Blick abwenden

to shift the blame onto somebody else — die Verantwortung auf jemand anders schieben

to shift sth to another room — etw in ein anderes Zimmer schaffen

shift the table over to the wall — rück den Tisch an die Wand (rüber)!

can you shift your car back a bit? — können Sie ein Stück zurücksetzen?

they shifted him to Munich —

we'll shift all this junk out of the cupboard — wir räumen das ganze Gerümpel aus dem Schrank

2) (inf: get rid of) loswerden

3) (US AUT)

to shift gears — schalten

4) (inf) food verputzen (inf); drink schlucken (inf)

3. vi

1) (= move) sich bewegen; (ballast, cargo) sich verlagern; (scene) wechseln; (wind) umspringen; (from one's opinion) abgehen

he shifted out of the way —

he was shifting about in his chair — er rutschte auf seinem Stuhl hin und her

shift over, you're taking up too much room — rück mal rüber, du nimmst zu viel Platz weg!

he shifted onto his back — er drehte sich auf den Rücken

he refused to shift (fig) — er war nicht umzustimmen

2) (AUT) schalten

3) (Brit inf = move quickly) flitzen (inf), rasen

that's really shifting! — das nenne ich Tempo!

4)

(= manage) to shift for oneself — sich (dat) (selbst) behelfen

* * *

shift [ʃıft]

A v/i

1. den Platz oder die Lage wechseln, sich bewegen:

shift from one foot to the other von einem Fuß auf den anderen treten;

shift uneasily on one’s chair unruhig auf seinem Stuhl hin und her rutschen

2. fig sich verlagern ( auch JUR Beweislast), sich verwandeln (auch Schauplatz, Szene), sich verschieben ( auch LING Laut), wechseln

3. die Wohnung wechseln, umziehen

4. auch shift along fig sich notdürftig durchschlagen:

shift for o.s.

a) auf sich selbst gestellt sein,

b) sich selbst (weiter)helfen

5. fig Ausflüchte machen

6. AUTO, TECH schalten:

shift up (down) AUTO hinaufschalten (herunterschalten); → gear A 3 b

7. Kugelstoßen: angleiten

8. SCHIFF sich verlagern, überschießen (Ballast oder Ladung)

9. oft shift round sich drehen (Wind)

10. umg

a) meist shift away sich davonstehlen

b) sich beeilen

B v/t

1. (um-, aus)wechseln, (aus)tauschen, verändern:

shift one’s lodging → A 3; → ground¹ A 7

2. verlagern, -schieben, -legen (alle auch fig):

shift one’s weight das Gewicht verlagern;

shift the scene to den Schauplatz verlegen nach;

he shifted his attention to other matters er wandte seine Aufmerksamkeit anderen Dingen zu

3. einen Betrieb etc umstellen (to auf akk)

4. THEAT Kulissen schieben

5. befördern, bringen ( beide:

from, out of von;

to nach)

6. die Schuld, Verantwortung (ab)schieben, abwälzen ( beide:

onto auf akk)

7. jemanden loswerden

8. umpflanzen

9. shift gears bes US fig umschalten, wechseln; → gear A 3 b

10. TECH verstellen, einen Hebel umlegen

11. LING einen Laut verschieben

12. SCHIFF

a) die Ladung umstauen

b) das Schiff (längs des Kais) verholen

13. die Kleidung wechseln

14. US umg Speise, Getränk wegputzen:

shift a few ein paar kippen

C s

1. Wechsel m, Verschiebung f, -änderung f:

shift of one’s weight Gewichtsverlagerung f;

shift of emphasis fig Gewichtsverlagerung f, Akzentverschiebung;

shift in opinion Meinungsumschwung m

2. (Arbeits)Schicht f (Arbeiter oder Arbeitszeit):

shift allowance Schichtzuschlag m;

shift boss US Schichtmeister m;

work in shifts Schicht arbeiten

3. Ausweg m, Hilfsmittel n, Notbehelf m:

make (a) shift

a) sich notdürftig durchschlagen,

b) es fertigbringen ( to do zu tun),

c) sich behelfen ( with mit; without ohne)

4. Kniff m, List f, Trick m, Ausflucht f

5. shift of crop AGR bes Br Fruchtwechsel m

6. press shift COMPUT die Shift-Taste drücken

7. Kugelstoßen: Angleiten n

8. GEOL Verwerfung f

9. MUS

a) Lagenwechsel m (bei Streichinstrumenten)

b) Zugwechsel m (Posaune)

c) Verschiebung f (linkes Pedal beim Flügel etc)

10. LING Lautverschiebung f

11. obs (Unter)Hemd n (der Frau)

* * *
1. transitive verb
1) (move) verrücken, umstellen [Möbel]; wegnehmen [Arm, Hand, Fuß]; wegräumen [Schutt]; entfernen [Schmutz, Fleck]; (to another floor, room, or place) verlegen [Büro, Patienten, Schauplatz]

shift one's weight to the other foot — sein Gewicht auf den anderen Fuß verlagern

shift the responsibility/blame on to somebody — (fig.) die Verantwortung/Schuld auf jemanden schieben

2) (Amer. Motor Veh.)

shift gears — schalten
2. intransitive verb
1) [Wind:] drehen (to nach); [Ladung:] verrutschen

shift uneasily in one's chair — unruhig auf dem Stuhl hin und her rutschen

2) (manage)

shift for oneself — selbst für sich sorgen

3) (coll.): (move quickly) rasen

this new Porsche really shifts — der neue Porsche geht ab wie eine Rakete (ugs.)

4) (Amer. Motor Veh.): (change gear) schalten

shift down into second gear — in den zweiten Gang runterschalten (ugs.)
3. noun
1)

a shift in emphasis — eine Verlagerung des Akzents

a shift in values/public opinion — ein Wandel der Wertvorstellungen/ein Umschwung der öffentlichen Meinung

a shift towards/away from liberalism — eine Hinwendung zum/Abwendung vom Liberalismus

2) (for work) Schicht, die

eight-hour/late shift — Achtstunden-/Spätschicht, die

do or work the late shift — Spätschicht haben

work in shifts — Schichtarbeit machen

3)

make shift with/without something — sich (Dat.) mit/ohne etwas behelfen

4) (of typewriter) Umschaltung, die

5) (Amer. Motor Veh.): (gear change) Schaltung, die

* * *

(work) n.

Arbeitsschicht f.

Schicht -en f. n.

Umschaltung f.

Verlagerung f. (on, upon) v.

abschieben (Verantwortung) v.

abwälzen (auf) v. v.

Platz (Lage)

wechseln ausdr.

austauschen v.

auswechseln v.

schalten v.

sich bewegen v.

sich verlagern (Ballast, Ladung) v.

sich verlagern v.

sich verschieben v.

sich verwandeln v.

tauschen v.

umlegen v.

umschalten v.

umwechseln v.

verstellen v.

wechseln v.

wegputzen (Essen) v.

English-german dictionary > shift
5 shift ***

[ʃɪft]
1. n

1) (change: in wind, opinion etc) cambiamento, (movement: of load) spostamento, (Comm: in demand) variazione f (della domanda)

a shift in government policy — un cambiamento nella politica del governo

2) (period of work, group of workers) turno

to work in shifts — fare i turni (di lavoro)

the night shift — il turno di notte

to work on night/day shift — fare il turno di notte/di giorno

3) old, (expedient) espediente m

to make shift with/without sth — arrangiarsi con/senza qc

4) Am Auto, (also: gear shift) cambio

2. vt

(gen) spostare, (sth stuck) smuovere, (dirt, stain) togliere, (employee) trasferire, (change: position etc) cambiare

to shift scenery Theatre — cambiare le scene

to shift the blame on to sb — scaricare la colpa su qn

I couldn't shift the wardrobe on my own — non riuscivo a spostare l'armadio da solo

3. vi

1) (gen) spostarsi, (opinions) mutare, (change one's mind) cambiare idea

the wind has shifted to the south — il vento ha girato verso sud

he shifted over to the door — si è avvicinato alla porta

shift off the sofa! — togliti dal divano!

shift up or over or along! — spostati!

that car's certainly shifting fam — quella macchina va molto forte

to shift into second gear Auto — innestare la seconda (marcia)

2)

to shift for o.s. — arrangiarsi da sé, cavarsela da solo (-a)

English-Italian dictionary > shift ***
6 shift

shift [∫ɪft]

1. noun

   a. ( = change) changement m (in de)

• there has been a shift in policy la politique a changé d'orientation

   b. ( = period of work) poste m ; ( = people) poste m, équipe f

• he works shifts il travaille par équipes

• I work an eight-hour shift je fais les trois-huit

• to be on day/night shift être (au poste) de jour/de nuit

• they worked in shifts to release the injured man ils se sont relayés pour dégager le blessé

   c. ( = gearshift) changement m de vitesse

   d. ( = dress) robe f droite

2. transitive verb

   a. ( = move) déplacer ; [+ scenery] changer ; [+ stain] enlever ; [+ blame, responsibility] rejeter

• I can't shift this cold (inf) je n'arrive pas à me débarrasser de ce rhume

   b. ( = change) we couldn't shift him (from his opinion) nous n'avons pas réussi à le faire changer d'avis

• to shift gear changer de vitesse

   c. ( = sell) se défaire de

3. intransitive verb

( = change position) bouger ; [cargo, load] se déplacer ; [opinions, ideas] changer

• shift (over) a minute (inf) pousse-toi une minute (inf)

• to shift into second (gear) passer la deuxième

• the government has not shifted from its original position le gouvernement n'a pas dévié de sa position initiale

4. compounds

► shift key noun touche f de majuscule

► shift work noun travail m posté

► shift worker noun travailleur m, - euse f posté(e)

* * *
[ʃɪft] 1.
noun

1) ( alteration) changement m (in de), modification f (in de)

a sudden shift in public opinion — un retournement de l'opinion publique

a shift to the left — Politics un glissement vers la gauche

the shift from agriculture to industry — le passage de l'agriculture à l'industrie

2) Industry ( period of time) période f de travail; ( group of workers) équipe f

to be on night shifts — être (d'équipe) de nuit

to work an eight-hour shift — faire les trois-huit

3) ( dress) robe f droite; (dated) ( undergarment) chemise f

4) Linguistics mutation f

5) US Automobile = gearshift

6) ( on keyboard) = shift key
2.
transitive verb

1) ( move) déplacer [furniture, vehicle]; bouger, remuer [arm]; Theatre changer [scenery]

to shift something away from — éloigner quelque chose de [wall, window]

to shift one's position — fig changer de position or d'avis

2) ( get rid of) faire partir, enlever [stain, dirt]

I can't shift this cold! — (colloq) GB je n'arrive pas à me débarrasser de mon rhume!

3) ( transfer) ( to another department) affecter; (to another town, country) muter [employee]; fig rejeter [blame] ( onto sur)

to shift attention away from a problem — détourner l'attention d'un problème

4) US Automobile

to shift gear — changer de vitesse
3.
intransitive verb

1) (also shift about) [load] bouger

to shift uneasily in one's chair — remuer dans son fauteuil l'air mal à l'aise

to shift from one foot to the other — se dandiner d'un pied sur l'autre

2) ( move)

the scene shifts to Ireland — Cinema, Theatre la scène se situe maintenant en Irlande

this stain won't shift! — cette tache ne veut pas partir!

shift! — (colloq) GB pousse-toi! (colloq)

3) ( change) [attitude] se modifier; [wind] tourner

opinion has shifted to the right — l'opinion a glissé vers la droite

4) (colloq) GB ( go quickly) [person] se grouiller (colloq); [vehicle] foncer (colloq)

5) US Automobile

to shift into second gear — passer en seconde
4.
reflexive verb

to shift oneself — se pousser

English-French dictionary > shift
7 shift

shift

A n

1 ( alteration) changement m (in de), modification f (in de) ; there has been a shift in public opinion l'opinion publique a changé ; a sudden shift in public opinion un retournement de l'opinion publique ; a shift of policy un changement de politique ; a shift to the left/right Pol un glissement vers la gauche/la droite ; the shift from agriculture to industry le passage de l'agriculture à l'industrie ;

2 Ind ( period of time) période f de travail (posté) ; ( group of workers) équipe f, poste m ; to work shifts ou be on shifts faire un travail posté ; to be on day/night shifts être (d'équipe) de jour/de nuit ; to work an eight-hour shift faire une période de huit heures (en travail posté), faire les trois-huit ; the next shift comes on at 10 la prochaine équipe commence à 10 heures ;

3 ( woman's dress) robe f droite or fourreau inv ; ( undergarment)† chemise f ;

4 Ling mutation f ; a shift in meaning un glissement de sens ;

5 Geol ( fault) faille f ; ( movement of rocks) glissement m ;

6 Comput décalage m ;

7 US Aut = gearshift ;

8 ( on keyboard) = shift key.

B vtr

1 ( move) déplacer, changer [qch] de place [furniture] ; déplacer [vehicle] ; bouger, remuer [arm, leg, head] ; Theat changer [scenery] ; will somebody help me shift this piano? est-ce que quelqu'un peut m'aider à déplacer ce piano? ; I can't shift this lid je n'arrive pas à enlever ce couvercle ; to shift sth from enlever qch de ; to shift sth away from éloigner qch de [wall, window] ; to shift sth into mettre qch dans [room, garden] ; shift your arse ◑ ! GB bouge ton cul ◑ ! to shift one's ground ou position fig changer de position or d'avis ;

2 ( get rid of) faire partir, enlever [stain, dirt] ; I can't shift this cold ○ ! GB je n'arrive pas à me débarrasser de mon rhume ;

3 ( transfer) ( to another department) affecter ; (to another town, country) muter [employee] ; fig rejeter [blame, responsibility] (onto sur) ; to shift attention away from a problem détourner l'attention d'un problème ; to shift one's weight from one foot to another se dandiner d'un pied sur l'autre ; the company is shifting production to Asia l'entreprise va transférer ses usines en Asie ;

4 US Aut to shift gear changer de vitesse.

C vi

1 ( also shift about) ( move around) [load, contents] se déplacer, bouger ; [cargo] bouger ; to shift uneasily in one's chair remuer dans sa chaise l'air mal à l'aise ; to shift from one foot to the other se dandiner d'un pied sur l'autre ;

2 ( move) the scene shifts to Ireland Cin, Theat la scène se situe maintenant en Irlande ; this stain won't shift! cette tache ne veut pas partir! ; can you shift along ou over a little? peux-tu te pousser un peu? ; shift ○ ! GB pousse-toi ○ ! ;

3 ( change) [opinion, attitude] se modifier ; [wind] tourner ; opinion has shifted to the right l'opinion a glissé vers la droite ; she won't shift elle ne veut pas changer d'avis ;

4 ○ GB ( go quickly) [person] se grouiller ○ ; [vehicle] foncer ○ ;

5 US Aut to shift into second gear passer en seconde ; to shift from first into second passer de première en seconde.

D v refl to shift oneself se pousser ; shift yourselves ○ ! poussez-vous ○ ! ; you'll have to shift yourself into another room tu vas être obligé de déménager dans une autre pièce.

Idioms

to shift for oneself se débrouiller tout seul ; to make shift with† se débrouiller avec.

Big English-French dictionary > shift
8 a schimba decorul teatru

to shift the scenery.

Română-Engleză dicționar expresii > a schimba decorul teatru
9 cambiar

v.

1 to change (alterarse) (modificar).

cambiar de to change

cambiar de casa to move (house)

cambiar de trabajo to move o change jobs

María cambió la enagua y se ve bien Mary changed the skirt and it looks nice.

El dolor cambió a Pedro Grief changed Peter.

María cambió los tragos Mary changed the drinks.

2 to change gear (automobiles) (de marchas).

3 to exchange, to barter, to switch, to change.

María cambió la enagua y se ve bien Mary changed the skirt and it looks nice.

El dolor cambió a Pedro Grief changed Peter.

María cambió los tragos Mary changed the drinks.

Ella cambió lugares con la mesera She exchanged places with the waitress.

Todo cambia Everything changes.

4 to get change.

Ricardo cambió para el teléfono Richard got change for the phone.

5 to change on.

Me cambió toda la perspectiva The whole perspective changed on me.

* * *

CAMBIAR

CONJUGACIÓN

(unstressed i)

Present Indicative

cambio, cambias, cambia, cambiamos, cambiáis, cambian.

Present Subjunctive

cambie, cambies, cambie, cambiemos, cambiéis, cambien.

Imperative

cambia (tú), cambie (él/Vd.), cambiemos (nos.), cambiad (vos.), cambien (ellos/Vds.).

* * *

verb

1) to change

2) exchange, swap

3) move

* * *

1. VT

1) (=modificar) to change

tendremos que cambiar el color de nuestro logotipo — we'll need to change the colour of our logo

eso no cambia mucho las cosas — that doesn't change things much

2) (=intercambiar) to exchange, swap *

te cambio el rotulador verde por el rojo — I'll exchange my green pen for that red one, I'll swap you the green pen for the red one *

¿me cambias el sitio? — can we change places?, can we swap places? *

3) (=reemplazar) to change

¿les has cambiado el agua a los peces? — have you changed the water in the fish tank?

ha ido a cambiarle los pañales al niño — she's gone to change the baby's nappy

¿me lo puede cambiar por otra talla? — could I change o exchange this for another size?

4) (=trasladar) to move

van a cambiar la oficina al piso de arriba — they are going to move the office up a floor

nos van a cambiar de aula — they are moving us to another classroom

5) (Econ, Com) to change

tengo que cambiar 800 euros en o LAm a libras — I have to change 800 euros into pounds

¿tienes para cambiarme 50 euros? — have you got change for a 50-euro note?

2. VI

1) (=volverse diferente) [persona, situación] to change; [voz] to break

desde que te fuiste nada ha cambiado — nothing has changed since you left

nada lo hará cambiar — nothing will make him change

si es así, la cosa cambia — if it's true, that changes things, well that's a different story then

con doce años ya le había cambiado la voz — his voice had already broken at the age of twelve

2)

• cambiar de — [+ actitud, canal, dirección] to change; [+ casa] to move

cuando no le interesa algo, cambia de tema — whenever he isn't interested in something, he changes the subject

su vida cambió de rumbo 180 grados — the course of her life changed completely

tú lo que necesitas es cambiar de aires — what you need is a change of scene

• cambiar de dueño — to change hands

• cambiar de idea u opinión — to change one's mind

• cambiar para mejor/peor — to change for the better/worse
camisa 1), tercio 2)
3) (Transportes) to change

tienes que cambiar en King's Cross — you have to change at King's Cross

4) (Radio)

¡cambio! — over!

¡cambio y corto!, ¡cambio y fuera! — over and out!

3.

See:

cambiarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) (alterar, modificar) <horario/imagen/persona> to change

eso no cambia nada — that doesn't change anything

b) (de lugar, posición)

cambiar algo/a alguien DE algo: cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around; nos van a cambiar de oficina they're going to move us to another office; cambié las flores de florero — I put the flowers in a different vase

c) ( reemplazar) <pieza/fecha/sábanas> to change

le cambió la pila al reloj — she changed the battery in the clock

cambiarle el nombre a algo — to change the name of something

d) <niño/bebé> to change

2) ( canjear) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE); < compra> to exchange, change

si no le queda bien lo puede cambiar — if it doesn't fit, you can exchange o change it

cambiar algo por algo — <sellos/estampas> to swap o (esp AmE) trade something for something; < compra> to exchange o change something for something

te cambio este libro por tu pluma — I'll swap you o trade this book for your pen

cambiarle algo a alguien: ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? — do you want me to swap o change places with you?

3) (Fin) to change

¿me puedes cambiar este billete? — can you change this bill (AmE) o (BrE) note for me?

cambiar algo a or (Esp) en algo — to change something into something

cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares — I changed 100 pounds into dollars
2.
cambiar vi

1)

a) ciudad/persona ( alterarse) to change

cambiar para peor/mejor — to change for the worse/better

está/lo noto muy cambiado — he's changed/he seems to have changed a lot

así la cosa cambia — oh well, that's different

le está cambiando la voz — his voice is breaking

b) (Auto) to change gear

c) ( hacer transbordo) to change

d) ( en transmisiones)

cambio — over

cambio y corto or fuera — over and out

2) cambiar de to change

cambiar de color — to change color

cambiar de idea or opinión — to change one's mind

cambiar de marcha — to change gear

no cambies de tema — don't change the subject

cambió de canal — he changed channel(s)
3.
cambiarse v pron

a) (refl) ( de ropa) to change, to get changed

b) (refl) <camisa/nombre/peinado> to change

¿te cambiaste los calcetines? — did you change your socks?

c)

cambiarse por alguien — to change places with somebody

d) (recípr) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE)

e) cambiarse de to change

me cambié de sitio — I changed places

cambiarse de casa — to move house

cámbiate de camisa — change your shirt

f) (CS) ( mudarse de casa) to move

* * *

= alter, change, reshape [re-shape], reverse, revolutionise [revolutionize, -USA], shift, turn into, undergo + transformation, amend, redraw [re-draw], swing, morph, reengineer [re-engineer], metamorphose, refashion, move along, reschedule, convert, take + a turn, turn + Nombre + (a)round, shunt between, switch.

Ex. Even the same collection some years on will have altered, and the device, in order to remain effective, must evolve in keeping with the development of the collection.

Ex. A scheme should permit changes in terminology as subjects change their names.

Ex. I do not think I am alone in believing there is a need for significant change, for reshaping our educational programs as well as our institutional goals and philosophies.

Ex. Entry of the number '11' reverses the present blacklisting status.

Ex. It was pointed out that the practices of the profession were not being totally revolutionized overnight.

Ex. In general, then, a post-co-ordinate index is simpler to produce than a pre-co-ordinate index, because it shifts the responsibility for co-ordination of index terms to the searcher.

Ex. But the incompleteness of information can be turned into an asset by challenging students to specify what additional information they would like and how they would attempt to get it.

Ex. This is because names of women authors frequently undergo transformations as a result of marriage and divorce; political jurisdictions also are annexed or gain independence and sometimes a new name; etc.

Ex. This article shows how to amend and cancel orders and how to arrange delivery by telefacsimile.

Ex. the Internet has fundamentally redrawn the way in which people can organize themselves.

Ex. The article has the title 'The pendulum swings to the right: censorship in the eighties'.

Ex. The librarians have the capabilities to morph sucessfully to keep in sync, so to speak, with the new technologies.

Ex. Libraries in general, and the corporate library in particular, must reengineer to take their rightful place in the new age.

Ex. Each of these three standards metamorphosed and had an impact far beyond the anticipation of all but the most far-sighted.

Ex. The basic thesis of the book under review is that throughout his career Rembrandt restlessly fashioned and refashioned his self.

Ex. As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.

Ex. The 2005 second edition originally slated for 4th of May 2005 has been rescheduled for 2-4 August 2005.

Ex. All listings for the final thesaurus must be converted to the format appropriate for typing, printing or input to a computer data base.

Ex. All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.

Ex. When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.

Ex. Till then, he will continue living out of a suitcase and shunt between the two continents.

Ex. Role reversal seeks to answer some of these questions by having ordinary men and women switch genders for a month.

----

* actitud + cambiar = attitude + go.

* ansias de cambiar de sitio = itchy feet.

* cambiando = a-changing.

* cambiando de asunto = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* cambiando de tema = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* cambiar a = switch over, switch to, transmute into, move to, change over to.

* cambiar a la situación anterior = reverse.

* cambiar Algo en Otra Cosa = turn + Nombre + into.

* cambiar Algo para bien = turn + Nombre + into a good thing.

* cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.

* cambiar con el tiempo = change over + time.

* cambiar con el transcurso del tiempo = change over + time.

* cambiar de... a... = switch from... to....

* cambiar de actitud = change + attitude.

* cambiar de aire = move on to + pastures new.

* cambiar de aires = change + scenery.

* cambiar de ambiente = change + scenery.

* cambiar de cantinela = change + Posesivo + tune.

* cambiar de cara = arrange + countenance.

* cambiar de dueño = change + hands.

* cambiar de entorno = change + scenery.

* cambiar de estrategia = change + tack.

* cambiar de fondos = turn over.

* cambiar de forma = shape-shift.

* cambiar de forma de vivir = turn + Posesivo + life around.

* cambiar de formato = reformat [re-format].

* cambiar de lugar = relocate, resite [re-site].

* cambiar de manos = change + hands.

* cambiar de marcha = gear.

* cambiar de nuevo al estado anterior = change back.

* cambiar de opinión = change + Posesivo + mind, change + feet, change + Posesivo + tune.

* cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.

* cambiar de orientación = reposition [re-position].

* cambiar de parecer = change + Posesivo + mind, change + Posesivo + tune.

* cambiar de parecer a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.

* cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.

* cambiar de posición = transpose, reposition [re-position].

* cambiar de postura = reconsider + position.

* cambiar de propietario = change + hands.

* cambiar de proveedor = churn.

* cambiar de residencia = relocate.

* cambiar de rumbo = branch off + on a side trail, change + tack.

* cambiar de servicio = churn.

* cambiar de sitio = shuffle.

* cambiar de táctica = change + tack.

* cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.

* cambiar de velocidad = gear.

* cambiar dirección = change + direction.

* cambiar el decorado = change + the scenery.

* cambiar el énfasis = shift + focus, shift + emphasis.

* cambiar el paisaje = change + the scenery.

* cambiar el precio = reprice.

* cambiar el ritmo = change + the pace.

* cambiar el techo de un edificio = re-roof.

* cambiar el título = retitle.

* cambiar el tono = modulate.

* cambiar la instalación eléctrica = rewire.

* cambiar las cosas desde dentro = change + things from the inside.

* cambiar las espadas por arados = turn + swords into ploughshares.

* cambiar la situación = change + the course of events.

* cambiar las prioridades de... a... = shift + emphasis from... to....

* cambiar las tornas = turn + the tables (on).

* cambiar la vida = change + life.

* cambiarle el agua al canario = pee, take + a leak, have + a leak.

* cambiar lo acontencido = change + the course of events.

* cambiar marchas = shift + gears.

* cambiar para bien = change for + the better.

* cambiar para mejor = change for + the better.

* cambiar + Posesivo + vida = turn + Posesivo + life around.

* cambiar radicalmente de postura = do + an about-face.

* cambiar rápidamente = jump.

* cambiarse de casa = move + house.

* cambiarse de ropa = change.

* cambiarse rápidamente = slip into + Posesivo + clothes.

* cambiar tanto que resulta irreconocible = change + beyond (all) recognition.

* cambiar velocidades = gear.

* cosas + cambiar inesperadamente = things + take a turn for the unexpected.

* dejar sin cambiar = leave + unchanged.

* habitación para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.

* hacer cambiar = swing + Persona.

* hacer cambiar las cosas = turn + the tide on.

* las cosas + cambiar = pendulum + swing.

* la suerte + cambiar = the tide + turn.

* no cambiar = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work, stand + pat.

* que cambia con el tiempo = ever-changing [ever changing], time-variant, ever-shifting.

* que cambia la vida = life-changing, life-altering.

* que se puede cambiar de tamaño = resizeable [re-sizeable].

* sala para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.

* situación + cambiar = tide + turn.

* vida + cambiar por completo = turn + Posesivo + life around.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) (alterar, modificar) <horario/imagen/persona> to change

eso no cambia nada — that doesn't change anything

b) (de lugar, posición)

cambiar algo/a alguien DE algo: cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around; nos van a cambiar de oficina they're going to move us to another office; cambié las flores de florero — I put the flowers in a different vase

c) ( reemplazar) <pieza/fecha/sábanas> to change

le cambió la pila al reloj — she changed the battery in the clock

cambiarle el nombre a algo — to change the name of something

d) <niño/bebé> to change

2) ( canjear) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE); < compra> to exchange, change

si no le queda bien lo puede cambiar — if it doesn't fit, you can exchange o change it

cambiar algo por algo — <sellos/estampas> to swap o (esp AmE) trade something for something; < compra> to exchange o change something for something

te cambio este libro por tu pluma — I'll swap you o trade this book for your pen

cambiarle algo a alguien: ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? — do you want me to swap o change places with you?

3) (Fin) to change

¿me puedes cambiar este billete? — can you change this bill (AmE) o (BrE) note for me?

cambiar algo a or (Esp) en algo — to change something into something

cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares — I changed 100 pounds into dollars
2.
cambiar vi

1)

a) ciudad/persona ( alterarse) to change

cambiar para peor/mejor — to change for the worse/better

está/lo noto muy cambiado — he's changed/he seems to have changed a lot

así la cosa cambia — oh well, that's different

le está cambiando la voz — his voice is breaking

b) (Auto) to change gear

c) ( hacer transbordo) to change

d) ( en transmisiones)

cambio — over

cambio y corto or fuera — over and out

2) cambiar de to change

cambiar de color — to change color

cambiar de idea or opinión — to change one's mind

cambiar de marcha — to change gear

no cambies de tema — don't change the subject

cambió de canal — he changed channel(s)
3.
cambiarse v pron

a) (refl) ( de ropa) to change, to get changed

b) (refl) <camisa/nombre/peinado> to change

¿te cambiaste los calcetines? — did you change your socks?

c)

cambiarse por alguien — to change places with somebody

d) (recípr) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE)

e) cambiarse de to change

me cambié de sitio — I changed places

cambiarse de casa — to move house

cámbiate de camisa — change your shirt

f) (CS) ( mudarse de casa) to move

* * *

= alter, change, reshape [re-shape], reverse, revolutionise [revolutionize, -USA], shift, turn into, undergo + transformation, amend, redraw [re-draw], swing, morph, reengineer [re-engineer], metamorphose, refashion, move along, reschedule, convert, take + a turn, turn + Nombre + (a)round, shunt between, switch.

Ex: Even the same collection some years on will have altered, and the device, in order to remain effective, must evolve in keeping with the development of the collection.

Ex: A scheme should permit changes in terminology as subjects change their names.

Ex: I do not think I am alone in believing there is a need for significant change, for reshaping our educational programs as well as our institutional goals and philosophies.

Ex: Entry of the number '11' reverses the present blacklisting status.

Ex: It was pointed out that the practices of the profession were not being totally revolutionized overnight.

Ex: In general, then, a post-co-ordinate index is simpler to produce than a pre-co-ordinate index, because it shifts the responsibility for co-ordination of index terms to the searcher.

Ex: But the incompleteness of information can be turned into an asset by challenging students to specify what additional information they would like and how they would attempt to get it.

Ex: This is because names of women authors frequently undergo transformations as a result of marriage and divorce; political jurisdictions also are annexed or gain independence and sometimes a new name; etc.

Ex: This article shows how to amend and cancel orders and how to arrange delivery by telefacsimile.

Ex: the Internet has fundamentally redrawn the way in which people can organize themselves.

Ex: The article has the title 'The pendulum swings to the right: censorship in the eighties'.

Ex: The librarians have the capabilities to morph sucessfully to keep in sync, so to speak, with the new technologies.

Ex: Libraries in general, and the corporate library in particular, must reengineer to take their rightful place in the new age.

Ex: Each of these three standards metamorphosed and had an impact far beyond the anticipation of all but the most far-sighted.

Ex: The basic thesis of the book under review is that throughout his career Rembrandt restlessly fashioned and refashioned his self.

Ex: As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.

Ex: The 2005 second edition originally slated for 4th of May 2005 has been rescheduled for 2-4 August 2005.

Ex: All listings for the final thesaurus must be converted to the format appropriate for typing, printing or input to a computer data base.

Ex: All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.

Ex: When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.

Ex: Till then, he will continue living out of a suitcase and shunt between the two continents.

Ex: Role reversal seeks to answer some of these questions by having ordinary men and women switch genders for a month.

* actitud + cambiar = attitude + go.

* ansias de cambiar de sitio = itchy feet.

* cambiando = a-changing.

* cambiando de asunto = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* cambiando de tema = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* cambiar a = switch over, switch to, transmute into, move to, change over to.

* cambiar a la situación anterior = reverse.

* cambiar Algo en Otra Cosa = turn + Nombre + into.

* cambiar Algo para bien = turn + Nombre + into a good thing.

* cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.

* cambiar con el tiempo = change over + time.

* cambiar con el transcurso del tiempo = change over + time.

* cambiar de... a... = switch from... to....

* cambiar de actitud = change + attitude.

* cambiar de aire = move on to + pastures new.

* cambiar de aires = change + scenery.

* cambiar de ambiente = change + scenery.

* cambiar de cantinela = change + Posesivo + tune.

* cambiar de cara = arrange + countenance.

* cambiar de dueño = change + hands.

* cambiar de entorno = change + scenery.

* cambiar de estrategia = change + tack.

* cambiar de fondos = turn over.

* cambiar de forma = shape-shift.

* cambiar de forma de vivir = turn + Posesivo + life around.

* cambiar de formato = reformat [re-format].

* cambiar de lugar = relocate, resite [re-site].

* cambiar de manos = change + hands.

* cambiar de marcha = gear.

* cambiar de nuevo al estado anterior = change back.

* cambiar de opinión = change + Posesivo + mind, change + feet, change + Posesivo + tune.

* cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.

* cambiar de orientación = reposition [re-position].

* cambiar de parecer = change + Posesivo + mind, change + Posesivo + tune.

* cambiar de parecer a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.

* cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.

* cambiar de posición = transpose, reposition [re-position].

* cambiar de postura = reconsider + position.

* cambiar de propietario = change + hands.

* cambiar de proveedor = churn.

* cambiar de residencia = relocate.

* cambiar de rumbo = branch off + on a side trail, change + tack.

* cambiar de servicio = churn.

* cambiar de sitio = shuffle.

* cambiar de táctica = change + tack.

* cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.

* cambiar de velocidad = gear.

* cambiar dirección = change + direction.

* cambiar el decorado = change + the scenery.

* cambiar el énfasis = shift + focus, shift + emphasis.

* cambiar el paisaje = change + the scenery.

* cambiar el precio = reprice.

* cambiar el ritmo = change + the pace.

* cambiar el techo de un edificio = re-roof.

* cambiar el título = retitle.

* cambiar el tono = modulate.

* cambiar la instalación eléctrica = rewire.

* cambiar las cosas desde dentro = change + things from the inside.

* cambiar las espadas por arados = turn + swords into ploughshares.

* cambiar la situación = change + the course of events.

* cambiar las prioridades de... a... = shift + emphasis from... to....

* cambiar las tornas = turn + the tables (on).

* cambiar la vida = change + life.

* cambiarle el agua al canario = pee, take + a leak, have + a leak.

* cambiar lo acontencido = change + the course of events.

* cambiar marchas = shift + gears.

* cambiar para bien = change for + the better.

* cambiar para mejor = change for + the better.

* cambiar + Posesivo + vida = turn + Posesivo + life around.

* cambiar radicalmente de postura = do + an about-face.

* cambiar rápidamente = jump.

* cambiarse de casa = move + house.

* cambiarse de ropa = change.

* cambiarse rápidamente = slip into + Posesivo + clothes.

* cambiar tanto que resulta irreconocible = change + beyond (all) recognition.

* cambiar velocidades = gear.

* cosas + cambiar inesperadamente = things + take a turn for the unexpected.

* dejar sin cambiar = leave + unchanged.

* habitación para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.

* hacer cambiar = swing + Persona.

* hacer cambiar las cosas = turn + the tide on.

* las cosas + cambiar = pendulum + swing.

* la suerte + cambiar = the tide + turn.

* no cambiar = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work, stand + pat.

* que cambia con el tiempo = ever-changing [ever changing], time-variant, ever-shifting.

* que cambia la vida = life-changing, life-altering.

* que se puede cambiar de tamaño = resizeable [re-sizeable].

* sala para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.

* situación + cambiar = tide + turn.

* vida + cambiar por completo = turn + Posesivo + life around.

* * *

cambiar [A1 ]

vt

A

1 (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen› to change

eso no cambia nada that doesn't change anything

esa experiencia lo cambió mucho that experience changed him greatly

2 (de lugar, posición) cambiar algo/a algn DE algo:

cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around

voy a cambiar el sofá de lugar I'm going to put the sofa somewhere else o move the sofa

nos van a cambiar de oficina they're going to move us to another office

me cambiaron de clase they put me in another class, they changed me to o moved me into another class

cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase

3 (reemplazar) ‹pieza/rueda/bombilla/sábanas› to change

han cambiado la fecha del examen they've changed the date of the exam

cambiarle algo A algo:

le cambió la pila al reloj she changed the battery in the clock

le han cambiado el nombre a la tienda they've changed the name of the shop

cámbiale el pañal a la niña change the baby's diaper ( AmE) o ( BrE) nappy

4 ‹niño/bebé› to change

B (canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to trade ( AmE), to swap ( BrE)

si no le queda bien lo puede cambiar if it doesn't fit, you can change it

cambiar algo POR algo ‹sellos/estampos› to swap or ( esp AmE) trade sth FOR sth ‹compra› to exchange or change sth FOR sth:

quiero cambiar esta blusa por otra or una más grande I'd like to change o exchange this blouse for a larger size

te cambio este libro por tus lápices de colores I'll trade this book for your crayons, I'll swap you this book for your crayons

cambiarle algo A algn:

¿quieres que te cambie el sitio? do you want to trade o swap o change o ( frml) exchange places?, do you want me to swap o change o ( frml) exchange places with you?

C ( Fin) to change

¿dónde puedo cambiar dinero? where can I change money?

¿me puedes cambiar este billete? can you change this bill ( AmE) o ( BrE) note for me?

cambiar algo A or ( Esp) EN algo to change sth INTO sth

quiero cambiar estas libras a or en dólares I'd like to change these pounds into dollars

■ cambiar

vi

A

1 «ciudad/persona» (variar, alterarse) to change

ha cambiado para peor/mejor he's changed for the worse/better

está/lo noto muy cambiado he's changed/he seems to have changed a lot

ya verás como la vida te hace cambiar you'll change as you get older

así la cosa cambia oh well, that's different o that changes things

le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking

2 ( Auto) to change gear

3 (hacer transbordo) to change

4

(en transmisiones): cambio over

cambio y corto or fuera over and out

B cambiar de to change

cambiar de color to change color

la tienda ha cambiado de dueño the shop has changed hands

he cambiado de idea or opinión or parecer I've changed my mind

el avión cambió de rumbo the plane changed course

cambiar de marcha to change gear

no cambies de tema don't change the subject

cambió de canal he changed channel(s)

chaqueta

■ cambiarse

v pron

1 ( refl) (de ropa) to change, to get changed

2 ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change

¿te has cambiado los calcetines? have you changed your socks?

3 cambiarse POR algn to change places WITH sb

no me cambiaría por ella I wouldn't change places with her, I wouldn't trade ( AmE) o ( BrE) swap places with her ( colloq)

4 ( recípr) ‹estampas/sellos› to trade ( AmE), to swap ( BrE)

nos hemos cambiado los relojes we've traded o swapped watches

5 cambiarse de to change

me cambié de sitio I changed places

cambiarse de casa to move house

cámbiate de camisa change your shirt

6 (CS) (mudarse de casa) to move

* * *

cambiar ( conjugate cambiar) verbo transitivo
1
a) (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen/persona› to change

b) (de lugar, posición):

◊ cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around;

cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
c) ( reemplazar) ‹pieza/fecha/sábanas› to change;

◊ le cambió la pila al reloj she changed the battery in the clock;

cambiarle el nombre a algo to change the name of sth
d) ‹niño/bebé› to change

e) (Fin) to change;

cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares I changed 100 pounds into dollars
2 ( canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE);
cambiar algo por algo ‹sellos/estampas› to swap o (esp AmE) trade sth for sth;
‹ compra› to exchange o change sth for sth;
◊ ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? do you want me to swap o change places with you?

verbo intransitivo
a) [ciudad/persona] to change;

◊ cambiar para peor to change for the worse;

le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
b) (Auto) to change gear

c) ( hacer transbordo) to change;

◊ cambiar de avión/tren to change planes/train

d) cambiar de algo ‹de tema/canal/color› to change sth;

◊ cambiar de idea to change one's mind;

cambiar de sentido to make (AmE) o (BrE) do a U-turn
cambiarse verbo pronominal
a) ( refl) ( de ropa) to change, get changed

b) ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change;

cambiarse de algo ‹de camisa/zapatos› to change sth;
◊ me cambié de sitio I changed places;

cambiarse de casa to move house;
cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
c) cambiarse por algn to change places with sb

d) ( recípr) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE)

e) (CS) ( mudarse de casa) to move

cambiar
I verbo transitivo
1 to change
2 (cromos, etc) to swap, (en un comercio) exchange
3 (un tipo de moneda por otro) to change
II verbo intransitivo to change
cambiar de casa, to move (house)
cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
cambiar de sitio, to move
cambiar de trabajo, to get another job
cambiar de velocidad, to change gear
' cambiar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bando
- camisa
- chaqueta
- desnaturalizar
- girar
- idea
- impresión
- infranqueable
- lucha
- parecer
- torna
- tornar
- trasladar
- volverse
- arrepentirse
- color
- lado
- lugar
- marcha
- mudar
- reubicar
- tema
- transformar
- tren
- variar
- voltear
- vuelta
English:
about-face
- about-turn
- abruptly
- alter
- anyhow
- change
- change around
- change over
- dead
- debate
- doctor
- frame
- gear
- hold
- into
- lighting
- mind
- modify
- move
- move about
- move around
- move on
- prerogative
- rearrange
- replace
- reverse
- shift
- shift about
- shift around
- stationary
- steadily
- subject
- swap
- swap for
- swap round
- swing
- switch
- switch over
- tack
- think
- tune
- vary
- barter
- break
- budge
- course
- disguise
- exchange
- get
- hand

* * *

cambiar

♦ vt

1. [alterar, modificar] to change;

han cambiado la fecha de salida they've changed o altered the departure date;

quiere cambiar su imagen she wants to change her image;

el divorcio lo ha cambiado por completo the divorce has changed him completely, he has changed completely since the divorce;

cambió su sonrisa en llanto her smile turned to tears;

tus disculpas no cambian nada your apologies don't change anything

2. [trasladar] to move;

tenemos que cambiar las sillas de lugar we have to move the chairs;

cambiaron la sede central a Buenos Aires they moved their headquarters to Buenos Aires;

lo van a cambiar a otro colegio they're going to move him to another school

3. [reemplazar] [rueda, sábanas] to change;

tenemos que cambiar la lavadora we have to get a new washing machine;

tengo que cambiar el agua del acuario I have to change the water in the fish tank, I have to put some fresh water in the fish tank;

cambiar un artículo defectuoso to exchange a faulty item;

si no está satisfecho, lo puede cambiar if you're not satisfied with it, you can change it;

tuve que cambiarle una rueda al coche I had to change one of the wheels on the car;

cambiaré este tornillo por otro más largo I'll swap this screw for a longer one;

Comp
Fam
¡cambia el disco o [m5]rollo, que ya aburres! you're getting boring! can't you talk about anything else?

4. [intercambiar] to swap;

cambiar cromos/sellos to swap picture cards/stamps;

cambiar impresiones to compare notes, to exchange views;

cambiar algo por algo to exchange sth for sth;

cambié mi reloj por el suyo I swapped watches with him;

he cambiado mi turno con un compañero I swapped shifts with a colleague;

¿te importaría cambiarme el sitio? would you mind swapping o changing places with me?

5. [dinero] to change;

en aquel banco cambian dinero they change money at that bank;

¿me podría cambiar este billete en monedas, por favor? could you give me change for this note in coins, please?;

cambiar dólares en euros to change dollars into euros

6. [bebé] to change

♦ vi

1. [alterarse] to change;

ha cambiado mucho desde el accidente she has changed a lot since the accident;

la situación no ha cambiado mucho there has been little change in the situation;

algunas personas no cambian nunca some people never change;

ya crecerá y cambiará she'll change as she gets older;

cambiar a mejor/peor to change for the better/worse;

en ese caso, la cosa cambia that's different, that changes everything;

le ha cambiado la voz his voice has broken

2.
cambiar de to change;

cambiar de autobús/tren to change buses/trains;
Fig
cambiar de camisa/chaqueta to change one's shirt/jacket;

cambiar de canal [de TV] to turn over, to change channels;

cambiar de casa to move (house);

cambiar de color to change colour;

cambiar de dueño to change hands;

cambiar de idea/intención to change one's mind/plans;

cambiar de manos [dinero, vehículo] to change hands;

cambiar de ritmo to change pace;

cambiar de rumbo to change course;

cambiar de sexo to have a sex change;

cambiar de sitio to change place, to move;

cambiar de táctica to change one's tactics;

cambiar de trabajo to move o change jobs

3. Aut [de marchas]
cambiar (de marcha) to change gear;

cambiar a segunda to change into second gear

4. Meteo to change, to shift;

el viento cambió the wind changed

♦ See also the pronominal verb cambiarse

* * *

cambiar

I v/t change ( por for); compra exchange ( por for)

II v/i change;

cambiar de lugar change places;

cambiar de marcha AUTO shift gear, Br change gear;

cambiar de domicilio move house;

cambiar de tren change trains;

cambiar de coche get a new car;

cambiar de opinión o

parecer change one’s mind

* * *

cambiar vt

1) alterar, modificar: to change

2) : to exchange, to trade

cambiar vi

1) : to change

2)

cambiar de velocidad : to shift gears

♦ See also the reflexive verb cambiarse

* * *

cambiar vb

1. (en general) to change

ha cambiado el tiempo the weather has changed

si no te va bien, te lo cambiaremos if it doesn't fit, we'll change it

¿dónde puede cambiar las libras en euros? where can I change my pounds into euros?

2. to exchange / to swap [pt. & pp. swapped]

te cambio el libro por estos cromos I'll swap you the book for these picture cards

cambiar de casa to move house

han cambiado de piso they've moved flat

cambiar algo de sitio to move something

cambiar de opinión / parecer to change your mind

cambiar de trabajo to change jobs

Spanish-English dictionary > cambiar
10 skifte

alternate, change, get off, shift, switch

* * *

I. (et -r)

( forandring) change;

( arbejdshold) shift ( fx work in 3 shifts);

( arbejdsperiode) shift, turn;

(mar: vagthold) watch;

( i mur) course;

( sporskifte) changing of the points,

( skiftespor) points pl,

(am) switch;

( del af stafetløb) lap;

( afløsning) relief ( fx of the watch), relay ( fx of horses);

(jur) division of an estate;

( arveskifte) administration (and distribution) of a deceased person's estate.

II. vb

( ombytte, forandre) change ( fx one's address, one's clothes, one's job; change parties (, seats)); shift ( fx scenery);

( forandre sig) change ( fx the weather (, wind) changed),

( om mindre ændring) alter;

( variere) vary ( fx prices vary from place to place);

( veksle) alternate ( fx alternate between work and sleep; rain and sunshine alternated);

( stige om) change ( fx change at Windsor);

(jur) divide (, distribute, administer) an estate;

(se også skiftende, skiftes);

[ med sb:]

[ skifte ble]

( på et barn) change a baby's napkin (, T: nappie);

[ skifte dæk] change a tyre;

[ skifte kørebane] change from one lane to the other,

( pludseligt) cut out;

[ skifte lagener] change the sheets;

[ rejsende til Windsor skifter her] change here for Windsor;

[ skifte retning] change (one's) direction, change (el. alter) one's course;

[ skifte sengelinned] change the bed linen;

(se også ejer, gear, I. ham, mening, sol, spor, vadested);

[ med præp, adv:]

[ skifte fra... til]

(om fag etc) change from... to ( fx change from biology to physics);

[ skifte om på] change round;

[ skifte på et barn] change a baby;

[ skifte på sengen] change the bed;

[ skifte ud] replace ( fx all the bulbs; a broken lock); renew ( fx the water in the swimming pool; a tyre);

( i sport) substitute;

[ skifte det ud med noget andet] replace it with (el. by) something else; substitute something else for it.

Danish-English dictionary > skifte
11 декор

( декори) sets, ste-scene, (theatrical) scenery

* * *

деко̀р,

м., -и, (два) деко̀ра sets, set-scene; театр. (theatrical) scenery; сменям \декорите shift the scene; смяна на \декорите a change of scene/scenery.

Български-английски речник > декор
12 scene

[si:n]
noun

1) (the place where something real or imaginary happens: A murderer sometimes revisits the scene of his crime; The scene of this opera is laid/set in Switzerland.) prizorišče

2) (an incident etc which is seen or remembered: He recalled scenes from his childhood.) prizor

3) (a show of anger: I was very angry but I didn't want to make a scene.) scena

4) (a view of a landscape etc: The sheep grazing on the hillside made a peaceful scene.) prizor

5) (one part or division of a play etc: The hero died in the first scene of the third act of the play.) prizor

6) (the setting or background for a play etc: Scene-changing must be done quickly.) scena

7) (a particular area of activity: the academic/business scene.) področje

•

- scenery
- scenic
- behind the scenes
- come on the scene
* * *
[si:n]
noun

prizor, scena (tudi figuratively); slika; epizoda; prizorišče, kraj dejanja ali dogodka, nastop; gledališki oder; torišče; plural kulise, dekoracije; slika pokrajine, pokrajina, pejsaž

behind the scenes — za kulisami (tudi figuratively)

a scene of destruction — slika razdejanja

the scene of the crime (of the disaster) — prizorišče zločina (hude nesreče)

change of scene — menjava slike

drop scene — zavesa, ki se spušča med dejanji

set scene — iz več delov sestavljena kulisa

to appear on the scene — nastopiti na (gledališkem) odru

to be on the scene figuratively biti na mestu (kjer smo potrebni)

the scene is laid in London — prizor se dogaja v Londonu

to make (s.o.) a scene figuratively napraviti (komu) sceno

horrible scenes occurred — strahotni prizori so se odigravali

to quit the scene figuratively umreti

to shift the scene — premikati kulise

English-Slovenian dictionary > scene
13 cambio

m.

1 change.

se ha producido un cambio de situación the situation has changed, there has been a change in the situation

a las primeras de cambio at the first opportunity

cambio climático climate change (calentamiento global)

cambio de domicilio change of address

cambio horario = putting clocks back or forward one hour (bianual)

cambio de gobierno change of government

cambio de rasante (automobiles) brow of a hill

cambio de sentido U-turn

2 exchange (intercambio).

(oficina de) cambio bureau de change (en letrero)

a cambio (de) in exchange o return (for)

no pido nada a cambio I'm not asking for anything back o in return

3 change (monedas).

nos hemos quedado sin cambio(s) we're out of change

¿tiene cambio de cinco mil? have you got change of o for five thousand?

quédese con el cambio keep the change

4 price (finance) (de acciones).

libre cambio free trade; (comercio) floating exchange rates (de divisas)

5 substitution, change (sport) (sustitución).

hacer un cambio to make a substitution o change

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: cambiar.

* * *

cambio

► nombre masculino

1 change, changing

■ un cambio de tiempo a change in the weather

2 (intercambio) exchange, exchanging

■ cambio de impresiones exchange of views

3 (dinero suelto) change, loose change; (vuelta) change

■ ¿me puedes dar cambio de cien euros? can you change a hundred euros?

■ me has dado mal el cambio you've given me the wrong change

4 (acciones) price, quotation; (divisas) exchange rate

5 (tren) switch

6 AUTOMÓVIL gear change

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a cambio de in exchange for

■ me dio dos libros a cambio del disco he gave me two books in exchange for the record

a las primeras de cambio figurado at the first opportunity

en cambio on the other hand, but, whereas

■ tú no puedes cantar, en cambio él sí you can't sing, but he can

caja de cambio AUTOMÓVIL gearbox

cambio automático AUTOMÓVIL automatic transmission

cambio de la guardia changing of the guard

cambio de marchas (acción) gear change 2 (caja) gearbox

cambio de planes change of plans

casa de cambio bureau de change

libre cambio free trade

* * *

noun m.

1) change

2) alteration

3) exchange, swap

•

- a cambio
- en cambio
* * *

SM

1) (=variación) change

ha habido un cambio de planes — there has been a change of plan

el matrimonio supuso un cambio radical en mi vida — marriage meant a complete change in my life

el entrenador ha hecho ya tres cambios en lo que va de partido — the coach has already made three substitutions o changes so far in the match

estamos en la época de cambio entre el otoño y el invierno — we are in the changeover period between autumn and winter

• necesito un cambio de aires — I need a change of scene

• siempre nos veíamos durante el cambio de clase — we always used to meet in the break between classes

• un cambio para mejor/peor — a change for the better/worse

cambio climático — climatic change

cambio de agujas — (Ferro) points junction, switch junction (EEUU)

cambio de domicilio — change of address

cambio de gobierno — [completo] change of government; [parcial] reshuffle

cambio de guardia — changing of the guard

cambio de impresiones — exchange of views

cambio de la marea — turn of the tide

cambio de línea — (Inform) line feed

cambio de marchas — (=acción) gear change; (=mecanismo) gear stick, gearshift (EEUU)

hacer el cambio de marchas — to change gear

un coche con cambio automático de marchas — a car with an automatic gearbox

cambio de opinión — change of opinion, turn in opinion

cambio de página — (Inform) form feed

cambio de pareja — change of partners ( in dancing)

cambio de rasante, prohibido adelantar en un cambio de rasante — no overtaking on the brow of a hill

cambio de sentido — change of direction

cambio de sexo — sex change

cambio de tercio — (Taur) change of stage ( in a bullfight)

se produjo un cambio de tercio en la conversación — the conversation changed direction o subject

cambio de velocidades — = cambio de marchas

cambio de vía — (Ferro) points pl, switches pl (EEUU)

hacer el cambio de vía — to go through the points o switches

cambio genético — genetic change

2) (=intercambio) exchange, swap *

hicimos un cambio de coche — we exchanged cars, we swapped cars *

salimos ganando con el cambio — the exchange worked out in our favour

3) (Econ)

a) (=dinero suelto) change

no tengo cambio para el teléfono — I don't have any change for the phone

¿tienes cambio de 50 euros? — do you have change for 50 euros?, can you change 50 euros?

quédese con el cambio — keep the change

te han dado mal el cambio — they've given you the wrong change

b) [de moneda extranjera] (=tipo) exchange rate

son 40 dólares al cambio — that is 40 dollars at the current exchange rate

al cambio del mes de febrero — at the February exchange rate

Cambio — Bureau de Change, Change

cambio a término — forward exchange

cambio de divisas — foreign exchange

4)

• a cambio — in return, in exchange

lo ganó todo sin ceder nada a cambio — he won it all without giving anything in return

"admitimos su coche usado a cambio" — "cars taken in part exchange", "trade-ins accepted"

• a cambio de — in return for, in exchange for

reclamaba dinero a cambio de su silencio — he demanded money in return o exchange for keeping quiet (about it)

5)

• en cambio — whereas

yo nunca llego a tiempo, en cambio ella es muy puntual — I never arrive on time, whereas she is very punctual

¿pero qué ha sucedido en cambio? — but instead, what has happened?

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (alteración, modificación) change

cambio de algo — <de planes/domicilio> change of something

un brusco cambio de temperatura — a sudden change in temperature

un cambio de aires or ambiente — a change of scene

una operación de cambio de sexo — a sex-change operation

a la primera de cambio — (fam) at the first opportunity

b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE)

meta el cambio — (AmL) put it in gear

un coche con cinco cambios — (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox

- cambio de escena

- cambio de guardia

- cambio de marchas o velocidades

- cambio de marchas automático

- cambio de rasante

- cambio de vía

2)

a) ( canje) exchange

saliste perdiendo con el cambio — you lost out in the deal

no se admiten cambios — goods cannot be exchanged

b) (en locs)

a cambio (de) — in exchange (for), in return (for)

en cambio: a él le gusta a mí en cambio no he likes it but I don't; el autobús es agotador, en cambio el tren es muy agradable — the bus is exhausting; the train however o on the other hand is very pleasant

3)

a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange

cambio de divisas — foreign exchange

¿a cómo está el cambio? — what's the exchange rate?

cambio — bureau de change, change

al cambio del día — at the current exchange rate; libre I 1)

b) ( diferencia) change

me ha dado mal el cambio — he's given me the wrong change

c) ( dinero suelto) change

¿tienes cambio de mil? — can you change a thousand pesetas?

necesito cambio — I need some change

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (alteración, modificación) change

cambio de algo — <de planes/domicilio> change of something

un brusco cambio de temperatura — a sudden change in temperature

un cambio de aires or ambiente — a change of scene

una operación de cambio de sexo — a sex-change operation

a la primera de cambio — (fam) at the first opportunity

b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE)

meta el cambio — (AmL) put it in gear

un coche con cinco cambios — (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox

- cambio de escena

- cambio de guardia

- cambio de marchas o velocidades

- cambio de marchas automático

- cambio de rasante

- cambio de vía

2)

a) ( canje) exchange

saliste perdiendo con el cambio — you lost out in the deal

no se admiten cambios — goods cannot be exchanged

b) (en locs)

a cambio (de) — in exchange (for), in return (for)

en cambio: a él le gusta a mí en cambio no he likes it but I don't; el autobús es agotador, en cambio el tren es muy agradable — the bus is exhausting; the train however o on the other hand is very pleasant

3)

a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange

cambio de divisas — foreign exchange

¿a cómo está el cambio? — what's the exchange rate?

cambio — bureau de change, change

al cambio del día — at the current exchange rate; libre I 1)

b) ( diferencia) change

me ha dado mal el cambio — he's given me the wrong change

c) ( dinero suelto) change

¿tienes cambio de mil? — can you change a thousand pesetas?

necesito cambio — I need some change

* * *

cambio¹

¹ = adaptive response, alteration, change, editing, modulation, move, recasting, redesign, rotation, shift, transfer, transformation, changeover [change-over], disturbance, mutation, permeability, reformation, switchover, reverse, shift away from, shifting, changing of the guard, swing, bartering, switch, switching, change.

Ex: It is too early to assess the success of the adaptive responses which have been instituted in most SLIS.

Ex: A musical adaptation is a musical work that represents a distinct alteration of another work (e.g. a free transcription), a work that paraphrases parts of various works or the general style of another composer, or a work that is merely based on other music (e.g. variations on a them).

Ex: These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.

Ex: To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.

Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.

Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.

Ex: This kind of large-scale recasting offers an opportunity for the scheme to go forward rather than stagnate until it is completely taken by events.

Ex: This action was the redesign of the enquiry form in order to elicit more information from the enquirer.

Ex: The entries that result from the rotation mechanism have standard layout, punctuation and typography, all of which have been pre-programmed.

Ex: Transitory circumstances of daily life are what cause these shifts.

Ex: When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.

Ex: Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.

Ex: The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.

Ex: A centralised system was chosen to ensure speedy receipt and dissemination with minimal disturbances.

Ex: The very meanings of words like 'library' and 'university' are about to undergo mutations too radical to conceive, much less predict = Los significados mismos de palabras como "biblioteca" y "universidad" están a punto de experimentar cambios demasiado radicales de concevir y cuanto mucho menos de predecir.

Ex: There is greater permeability than before between different types of library at the start of a career but, once settled in a post, fewer librarians than before change from one type of library to another.

Ex: The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.

Ex: The transition date for the switchover is 1 Oct 2000.

Ex: Moreover, we conclude that the process of placing a feminist stamp on working relations is both far from complete and subject to reverses.

Ex: This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.

Ex: This article considers the use of a spreadsheet in the shifting of periodicals collections in order to save time.

Ex: The recent reorganization has resulted in a merger of the academic and public divisions and a changing of the guard among the company's top officials.

Ex: The addition of new feedback techniques produced a significant swing in favour of the application.

Ex: Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.

Ex: Office automation have brought about a switch to a paperless office.

Ex: These 'spuriously loyal' customers are not willing to churn just because of switching costs.

Ex: Most libraries maintain a small cash float for the giving of change and, in addition, money/ is received in payment of fines.

* a cambio = in return.

* a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.

* a cambio de nada = for nothing.

* aceptar el cambio = embrace + change.

* aceptar un cambio = accommodate + change.

* adaptarse al cambio = accommodate to + change, adapt to + change.

* adaptarse a los cambios = flow with + the tides.

* adoptar un cambio = adopt + change, accommodate + change.

* agente de cambio = agent of(for) change, force for change, force of change.

* agente del cambio = change agent.

* aires de cambio = wind(s) of change, the, seas of change, the.

* cambio a = flight to.

* cambio brusco = revulsion, flip-flop.

* cambio brusco de velocidad del viento = wind shear.

* cambio climático = climate change, climatic change.

* cambio cualitativo = step change, qualitative change.

* cambio cuantitativo = quantitative change.

* cambio cultural = cultural change.

* cambio de actitud = change in attitude, change of heart.

* cambio de aires = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene, greener pastures, pastures new.

* cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.

* cambio de aspecto = lick of paint.

* cambio de ciudadanía = change of citizenship.

* cambio de dirección = change of hands.

* cambio de dueño = change of hands.

* cambio de énfasis = shift of emphasis, shift in emphasis.

* cambio de entorno = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.

* cambio de hora estacional = daylight saving time.

* cambio de idea = change of heart, change of mind.

* cambio de imagen = makeover [make-over], makeover [make-over].

* cambio de instalación eléctrica = rewiring.

* cambio de la guardia = changing of the guard.

* cambio de look = lick of paint.

* cambio de lugar = relocation.

* cambio de manos = change of hands.

* cambio de mirada = gaze-shift.

* cambio demográfico = population trend.

* cambio de nacionalidad = change of citizenship.

* cambio de nombre = rebranding.

* cambio de opinión = change of heart, change of mind.

* cambio de orientación = paradigm change, paradigm shift.

* cambio de paradigma = paradigm change, paradigm shift.

* cambio de parecer = change of heart, change of mind.

* cambio de procedimiento = procedural change.

* cambio de propietario = change of hands.

* cambio de proveedor = churn.

* cambio de registro = code switching.

* cambio de residencia = resettlement.

* cambio de servicio = churn.

* cambio de sexo = sex change.

* cambio de título = title change.

* cambio escénico = scene changing.

* cambio estacional = seasonal change.

* cambio hormonal = hormonal change.

* cambio inesperado = twist.

* cambio institucional = institutional change.

* cambio metereológico = weather modification.

* cambio + ocurrir = change + take place.

* cambio + producirse = change + come about.

* cambio profundo = profound change.

* cambio radical = revulsion, sea change, radical change.

* cambio radical de postura = about-face.

* cambio revolucionario = revolutionary change.

* cambios = second thoughts, ebb and flow.

* cambio social = social change, societal change.

* cambio + suceder = change + take place.

* cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.

* cambio total = turnabout [turn-about], turnaround.

* cambio transformador = transformative change, transforming change.

* cambio traumático = traumatic change.

* cambio vertiginoso = spiral of change.

* clima de cambio = climate of change.

* efectuar cambios = wreak + changes.

* efectuar un cambio = effect + change.

* elemento de cambio = agent of(for) change.

* en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.

* en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.

* en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.

* en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.

* enfrentarse a los cambios = cope with + change.

* en proceso de cambio = changing.

* estado de cambio = state of flux.

* estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.

* estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.

* estar sujeto a cambios = be written in sand, not stone, be subject to change.

* experimentar un cambio = bring about + change, undergo + modification, undergo + change, undergo + transition.

* experimentar un cambio + Adjetivo = take + a + Adjetivo + turn.

* hacer cambios en la búsqueda = renegotiate + search.

* hacer cambios indebidamente = tamper (with).

* hacer el cambio = make + the change.

* hacer frente al cambio = manage + change.

* hacer frente a un cambio = meet + change.

* hacer un cambio = make + change.

* impulsor del cambio = driver of change.

* introducir un cambio = bring + change.

* libre cambio = laissez-faire.

* línea internacional de cambio de fecha, la = International Date Line, the.

* lograr un cambio = accomplish + change.

* los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.

* momento clave del cambio = tipping point.

* moneda de cambio = bargaining chip.

* mostrar por medio de cambio de intensidad en el brillo = flash up.

* motor del cambio = driver of change.

* no hacer ningún cambio = stand + pat.

* no sufrir cambios = remain + normal.

* ocasionar un cambio = bring about + change, trigger + change.

* operación de cambio de sexo = sex-change surgery, sex-change operation.

* permanecer sin cambios = remain + unchanged.

* proceso de cambio = process of change.

* producir un cambio = effect + change, produce + change, trigger + change.

* provocar cambios = wreak + changes.

* provocar un cambio = bring about + change.

* reacio al cambio = resistant to change.

* realizar un cambio = make + alteration, implement + change.

* repercusiones del cambio = impact of change.

* resistente al cambio = resistant to change.

* ritmo del cambio = rate of change, pace of change.

* ser susceptible de cambios = be subject to change.

* sin cambio = inviolate.

* sin cambios = monotone, stable, undisturbed, unchanged, unmodified, unaltered, unedited.

* subsidio para cambio de residencia = resettlement allowance.

* suceder un cambio = occur + change.

* sucesión de cambios bruscos = roller coaster ride, roller coaster.

* sufrir un cambio = experience + change, undergo + change.

* suponer un cambio = bring about + change.

* trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.

cambio²

² = loose change.

Ex: Forget climate change, voters want more loose change.

* bolsa de cambio = stock exchange.

* cambio de divisas = currency rate, currency exchange.

* cambio de moneda = exchange rate, foreign exchange, currency exchange rate, market rate of exchange, foreign exchange rate, currency rate, rate of exchange, currency exchange.

* letra de cambio = bill of exchange.

* oficina de cambio = exchange office, currency exchange bureau, exchange bureau.

* tipo de cambio = exchange rate, rate of exchange.

* variación de los tipos de cambio = exchange rate change.

cambio³

³ = gear, derailleur.

Nota: De bicicleta.

Ex: Their products were charming and much less expensive than American clockwork toys because they used tinplate gears rather than brass.

Ex: There is a front and a rear derailleur on most modern bikes.

* palanca de cambio = shifter.

* * *

cambio

masculine

A

1 (alteración, modificación) change

el cambio que ha tenido lugar en él the change he has undergone

cambio DE algo:

un brusco cambio de temperatura a sudden change in temperature

lo que tú necesitas es un cambio de aires or ambiente what you need is a change of scene

ha habido un cambio de planes there's been a change of plan

una operación de cambio de sexo a sex-change operation

cambio de uso del suelo change of land use ( in urban planning)

a la primera de cambio ( fam); at the first opportunity, the first thing you know ( colloq)

2 ( Auto) gearshift ( AmE), gear change ( BrE)

hacer un cambio to change gear

meta el cambio ( AmL); put it in gear

un coche con cinco cambios ( AmL); a car with a five-speed gearbox

caja

Compuestos:

● cambio climático

climate change

● cambio de domicilio

change of address

● cambio de escena

scene change

● cambio de guardia

change of guard, changing of the guard

● cambio de jugada

audible

● cambio de marchas

(dispositivo) transmission ( AmE), gearbox ( BrE); (acción) gearshift ( AmE), gear change ( BrE)

● cambio de marchas automático

automatic gearshift ( AmE) o ( BrE) gearbox

● cambio de marchas manual

manual gearshift ( AmE) o ( BrE) gearbox

● cambio de rasante

brow of a hill

● cambio de seña

audible

● cambio de sentido

( Auto) junction

● cambio de velocidades

cambio de marchas

● cambio de vía

switch ( AmE), points (pl) ( BrE)

B

1 (canje) exchange

creo que has salido perdiendo con el cambio I think you've lost out in the deal

[ S ] no se admiten cambios ni devoluciones goods cannot be exchanged or returned

2 ( en locs):

a cambio in exchange, in return

a cambio de in exchange for, in return for

estoy dispuesto a hacerlo a cambio de un pequeño favor I'm prepared to do it in exchange o in return for a small favor

daría cualquier cosa a cambio de un poco de paz I'd do anything for a bit of peace

en cambio: a él le parece espléndido; a mí, en cambio, no me gusta he thinks it's wonderful, but personally I don't like it

el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio irse en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting whereas o but if you go by train it's very pleasant, the bus journey is exhausting; if you go by train, however o on the other hand, it is very pleasant

C

1 ( Fin) (de moneda extranjera) exchange

cambio de divisas foreign exchange

¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?

[ S ] cambio bureau de change, change

al cambio del día at the current exchange rate

libre¹ (↑ libre (1))

2 (diferencia) change

quédese con el cambio keep the change

me ha dado mal el cambio he's given me the wrong change

3 (dinero menudo) change

¿tienes cambio de diez? can you change ten euros?

necesito cambio para el teléfono I need some change for the telephone

Compuestos:

● cambio del día

daily exchange rate o rate of exchange

● cambio de moneda

foreign exchange

* * *

Del verbo cambiar: ( conjugate cambiar)

cambio es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

cambió es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
cambiar
cambio
cambiar ( conjugate cambiar) verbo transitivo
1
a) (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen/persona› to change

b) (de lugar, posición):

◊ cambio los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around;

cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
c) ( reemplazar) ‹pieza/fecha/sábanas› to change;

◊ le cambió la pila al reloj she changed the battery in the clock;

cambiole el nombre a algo to change the name of sth
d) ‹niño/bebé› to change

e) (Fin) to change;

cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares I changed 100 pounds into dollars
2 ( canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE);
cambio algo por algo ‹sellos/estampas› to swap o (esp AmE) trade sth for sth;
‹ compra› to exchange o change sth for sth;
◊ ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? do you want me to swap o change places with you?

verbo intransitivo
a) [ciudad/persona] to change;

◊ cambio para peor to change for the worse;

le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
b) (Auto) to change gear

c) ( hacer transbordo) to change;

◊ cambio de avión/tren to change planes/train

d) cambio de algo ‹de tema/canal/color› to change sth;

◊ cambio de idea to change one's mind;

cambio de sentido to make (AmE) o (BrE) do a U-turn
cambiarse verbo pronominal
a) ( refl) ( de ropa) to change, get changed

b) ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change;

cambiose de algo ‹de camisa/zapatos› to change sth;
◊ me cambié de sitio I changed places;

cambiose de casa to move house;
cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
c) cambiose por algn to change places with sb

d) ( recípr) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE)

e) (CS) ( mudarse de casa) to move

cambio sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( alteración) change;

cambio de algo ‹de planes/domicilio› change of sth;
un cambio de aire(s) or ambiente a change of scene
b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE);

◊ un coche con cinco cambios (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox;

cambio de sentido U-turn
2
a) ( canje) exchange;

( on signs) no se admiten cambios goods cannot be exchanged
b) ( en locs)

◊ a cambio (de) in exchange (for), in return (for);

en cambio: el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting;

by train however o on the other hand is very pleasant
3
a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange;

◊ cambio de divisas foreign exchange;

¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?;

( on signs) cambio bureau de change, change
b) ( diferencia) change;

◊ me ha dado mal el cambio he's given me the wrong change

c) ( dinero suelto) change

cambiar
I verbo transitivo
1 to change
2 (cromos, etc) to swap, (en un comercio) exchange
3 (un tipo de moneda por otro) to change
II verbo intransitivo to change
cambiar de casa, to move (house)
cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
cambiar de sitio, to move
cambiar de trabajo, to get another job
cambiar de velocidad, to change gear
cambio sustantivo masculino
1 change
(de opinión) shift
un cambio de impresiones, an exchange of opinions
2 (del dinero) change: ¿tienes cambio de cinco mil?, have you got change for five thousand?
3 Fin (de la moneda extranjera) exchange
(de unas acciones) price
4 Auto gear change
cambio automático, automatic transmission
cambio de rasante, brow of a hill
♦ Locuciones: a cambio de, in exchange for
a las primeras de cambio, at the firsl opportunity
en cambio, on the other hand: él es muy engreído, en cambio ella es muy dulce, he's really conceited; on the other hand she is very sweet
' cambio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrupta
- abrupto
- aguantar
- aire
- alteración
- apreciarse
- benéfica
- benéfico
- biombo
- brutal
- desplazamiento
- experimentar
- girar
- imponerse
- inflexión
- letra
- oscilación
- por
- primera
- primero
- radical
- semblante
- sensible
- tipo
- vaivén
- viraje
- vuelta
- acelerar
- acentuado
- apreciable
- apresurar
- brusco
- cambiar
- cara
- cerrado
- efectuar
- feria
- guardia
- idea
- importante
- inevitable
- lado
- libre
- nuevo
- observar
- operar
- opinión
- producir
- quedar
- rápido
English:
abrupt
- adjustment
- alarmed
- alteration
- bare
- better
- change
- chapter
- conversely
- department
- displacement
- distinct
- draft
- dramatic
- dramatically
- drastic
- euro
- exchange
- exchange rate
- fall
- float
- gearshift
- gearstick
- instead
- intend
- into
- likely
- major
- make
- modification
- occur
- protection money
- rate
- refreshing
- refreshingly
- return
- reversal
- round
- sex change
- shift
- short-change
- slight
- small change
- subject
- substantial
- sudden
- swap for
- sweep
- sweeping
- swing

* * *

cambio

♦ nm

1. [alteración, modificación] change;

vivimos una época de grandes cambios we live in times of great change;

cambio de actitud change in attitude;

cambio de gobierno change of government;

cambio radical turnabout, turnround;

cambio de tiempo change in the weather;

ha ganado con el cambio de trabajo he has benefited from changing jobs;

con el cambio de política hemos perdido todos we have all lost out as a result of the change in policy;

se ha producido un cambio de situación the situation has changed, there has been a change in the situation;

el cambio al sistema métrico ha sido muy sencillo the changeover to the metric system has been very straightforward;

tu hijo ha pegado un cambio tremendo your son has really changed;

a las primeras de cambio at the first opportunity;

abandonó la carrera a las primeras de cambio she dropped out of the race almost as soon as it had started o shortly after it had started;

cayeron eliminados a las primeras de cambio they fell at the first hurdle

Comp
cambio climático climate change; Ling cambio de código code switching;
cambio de domicilio change of address;

cambio de escena Teatro scene change;
Fig change of scene;
cambio generacional: [m5] el partido necesita un cambio generacional urgente the party is in urgent need of a new generation of leaders;

este joven pintor es un ejemplo del cambio generacional en marcha this young man is one of the new generation of painters who are coming to dominate the artistic scene;

cambio de guardia [ceremonia] changing of the guard;

cambio horario [bianual] = putting clocks back or forward one hour;

cambio hormonal hormonal change;

cambio de imagen image change;

el cambio de milenio the end of the millennium;

cambio de rasante brow of a hill;

cambio de sentido U-turn;

cambio de sexo sex change;
Der cambio de tribunal change of venue; Ferroc cambio de vía Br points, US switch
2. [reemplazo, trueque] exchange;

(oficina de) cambio [en letrero] Br bureau de change, US foreign-exchange bureau;

durante las rebajas no se admiten cambios while the sales are on, goods may not be exchanged;

a cambio (de) in exchange o return (for);

no pido nada a cambio I'm not asking for anything back o in return;

se admite su vieja lavadora a cambio we will take your old washing machine in part exchange;

te dejo el coche a cambio de que lo laves I'll let you use my car if you wash it for me

Comp
Aut cambio de aceite oil change;
cambio de impresiones exchange of views;
Quím cambio iónico ion exchange;
cambio de papeles role reversal

3. [monedas, billetes] change;

¿tiene cambio? have you got any change?;

¿tiene cambio de 5.000? have you got change for o Br of 5,000?;

nos hemos quedado sin cambio(s) we're out of change;

quédese con el cambio keep the change;

me ha dado el cambio incorrecto she gave me the wrong change

4. Fin [de acciones] price;
[de divisas] exchange rate;
ha bajado el cambio del peso the (exchange rate of the) peso has fallen;

los valores eléctricos han mantenido el cambio share prices in the electricity companies have remained steady;

¿a cuánto está el cambio de la libra? what's the exchange rate for the pound?

Comp
cambio base base rate;
cambio extranjero foreign exchange;

cambio medio average exchange rate;

cambio oficial official exchange rate

5. Aut
el cambio es muy duro the gears are rather stiff

Comp
cambio automático automatic transmission;
cambio de marchas [acción] gear change;
[palanca] Br gear stick, US gear shift;
cambio sincronizado [en bicicleta] indexed gear;

cambio de velocidades [acción] gear change;
[palanca] Br gear stick, US gear shift
6. Dep [sustitución] substitution, change;

hacer un cambio to make a substitution o change;

el equipo visitante ha pedido (hacer un) cambio the away team want to make a substitution o change;

el jugador lesionado pidió el cambio al entrenador the injured player signalled to the manager that he wanted to come off

♦ interj
Rad
¡cambio (y corto)! over!;

¡cambio y cierro! over and out!

♦ en cambio loc adv
[por otra parte] on the other hand, however; [en su lugar] instead;
ellos no pueden ayudarnos, en cambio tú sí they can't help us, but o whereas you can;

éste me gusta, en cambio este otro es feo I like this one, but this other one is horrible

* * *

cambio

m

1 change;

cambio de domicilio change of address;

cambio de aires change of scene;

cambio de turno change of shift;

cambio de aceite AUTO oil change;

¡cambio! al hablar por radio over!

2 COM exchange rate;

el cambio del día the day’s (exchange) rate;

libre cambio COM free trade

3 ( suelto)

:

¿tiene cambio? do you have change?

4

:

no se admiten cambios goods will not be exchanged

5 en locuciones

:

a cambio de in exchange for;

en cambio on the other hand

* * *

cambio nm

1) : change, alteration

2) : exchange

3) : change (money)

4)

en cambio : instead

5)

en cambio : however, on the other hand

* * *

cambio n

1. (en general) change

va a haber cambios en la empresa there are going to be changes in the company

un cambio de imagen a change of image

¿tienes cambio? have you got any change?

2. (divisas) exchange rate

Spanish-English dictionary > cambio
14 cambio1

¹ = adaptive response, alteration, change, editing, modulation, move, recasting, redesign, rotation, shift, transfer, transformation, changeover [change-over], disturbance, mutation, permeability, reformation, switchover, reverse, shift away from, shifting, changing of the guard, swing, bartering, switch, switching, change.

Ex. It is too early to assess the success of the adaptive responses which have been instituted in most SLIS.

Ex. A musical adaptation is a musical work that represents a distinct alteration of another work (e.g. a free transcription), a work that paraphrases parts of various works or the general style of another composer, or a work that is merely based on other music (e.g. variations on a them).

Ex. These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.

Ex. To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.

Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.

Ex. Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.

Ex. This kind of large-scale recasting offers an opportunity for the scheme to go forward rather than stagnate until it is completely taken by events.

Ex. This action was the redesign of the enquiry form in order to elicit more information from the enquirer.

Ex. The entries that result from the rotation mechanism have standard layout, punctuation and typography, all of which have been pre-programmed.

Ex. Transitory circumstances of daily life are what cause these shifts.

Ex. When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.

Ex. Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.

Ex. The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.

Ex. A centralised system was chosen to ensure speedy receipt and dissemination with minimal disturbances.

Ex. The very meanings of words like 'library' and 'university' are about to undergo mutations too radical to conceive, much less predict = Los significados mismos de palabras como "biblioteca" y "universidad" están a punto de experimentar cambios demasiado radicales de concevir y cuanto mucho menos de predecir.

Ex. There is greater permeability than before between different types of library at the start of a career but, once settled in a post, fewer librarians than before change from one type of library to another.

Ex. The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.

Ex. The transition date for the switchover is 1 Oct 2000.

Ex. Moreover, we conclude that the process of placing a feminist stamp on working relations is both far from complete and subject to reverses.

Ex. This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.

Ex. This article considers the use of a spreadsheet in the shifting of periodicals collections in order to save time.

Ex. The recent reorganization has resulted in a merger of the academic and public divisions and a changing of the guard among the company's top officials.

Ex. The addition of new feedback techniques produced a significant swing in favour of the application.

Ex. Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.

Ex. Office automation have brought about a switch to a paperless office.

Ex. These 'spuriously loyal' customers are not willing to churn just because of switching costs.

Ex. Most libraries maintain a small cash float for the giving of change and, in addition, money/ is received in payment of fines.

----

* a cambio = in return.

* a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.

* a cambio de nada = for nothing.

* aceptar el cambio = embrace + change.

* aceptar un cambio = accommodate + change.

* adaptarse al cambio = accommodate to + change, adapt to + change.

* adaptarse a los cambios = flow with + the tides.

* adoptar un cambio = adopt + change, accommodate + change.

* agente de cambio = agent of(for) change, force for change, force of change.

* agente del cambio = change agent.

* aires de cambio = wind(s) of change, the, seas of change, the.

* cambio a = flight to.

* cambio brusco = revulsion, flip-flop.

* cambio brusco de velocidad del viento = wind shear.

* cambio climático = climate change, climatic change.

* cambio cualitativo = step change, qualitative change.

* cambio cuantitativo = quantitative change.

* cambio cultural = cultural change.

* cambio de actitud = change in attitude, change of heart.

* cambio de aires = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene, greener pastures, pastures new.

* cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.

* cambio de aspecto = lick of paint.

* cambio de ciudadanía = change of citizenship.

* cambio de dirección = change of hands.

* cambio de dueño = change of hands.

* cambio de énfasis = shift of emphasis, shift in emphasis.

* cambio de entorno = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.

* cambio de hora estacional = daylight saving time.

* cambio de idea = change of heart, change of mind.

* cambio de imagen = makeover [make-over], makeover [make-over].

* cambio de instalación eléctrica = rewiring.

* cambio de la guardia = changing of the guard.

* cambio de look = lick of paint.

* cambio de lugar = relocation.

* cambio de manos = change of hands.

* cambio de mirada = gaze-shift.

* cambio demográfico = population trend.

* cambio de nacionalidad = change of citizenship.

* cambio de nombre = rebranding.

* cambio de opinión = change of heart, change of mind.

* cambio de orientación = paradigm change, paradigm shift.

* cambio de paradigma = paradigm change, paradigm shift.

* cambio de parecer = change of heart, change of mind.

* cambio de procedimiento = procedural change.

* cambio de propietario = change of hands.

* cambio de proveedor = churn.

* cambio de registro = code switching.

* cambio de residencia = resettlement.

* cambio de servicio = churn.

* cambio de sexo = sex change.

* cambio de título = title change.

* cambio escénico = scene changing.

* cambio estacional = seasonal change.

* cambio hormonal = hormonal change.

* cambio inesperado = twist.

* cambio institucional = institutional change.

* cambio metereológico = weather modification.

* cambio + ocurrir = change + take place.

* cambio + producirse = change + come about.

* cambio profundo = profound change.

* cambio radical = revulsion, sea change, radical change.

* cambio radical de postura = about-face.

* cambio revolucionario = revolutionary change.

* cambios = second thoughts, ebb and flow.

* cambio social = social change, societal change.

* cambio + suceder = change + take place.

* cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.

* cambio total = turnabout [turn-about], turnaround.

* cambio transformador = transformative change, transforming change.

* cambio traumático = traumatic change.

* cambio vertiginoso = spiral of change.

* clima de cambio = climate of change.

* efectuar cambios = wreak + changes.

* efectuar un cambio = effect + change.

* elemento de cambio = agent of(for) change.

* en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.

* en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.

* en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.

* en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.

* enfrentarse a los cambios = cope with + change.

* en proceso de cambio = changing.

* estado de cambio = state of flux.

* estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.

* estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.

* estar sujeto a cambios = be written in sand, not stone, be subject to change.

* experimentar un cambio = bring about + change, undergo + modification, undergo + change, undergo + transition.

* experimentar un cambio + Adjetivo = take + a + Adjetivo + turn.

* hacer cambios en la búsqueda = renegotiate + search.

* hacer cambios indebidamente = tamper (with).

* hacer el cambio = make + the change.

* hacer frente al cambio = manage + change.

* hacer frente a un cambio = meet + change.

* hacer un cambio = make + change.

* impulsor del cambio = driver of change.

* introducir un cambio = bring + change.

* libre cambio = laissez-faire.

* línea internacional de cambio de fecha, la = International Date Line, the.

* lograr un cambio = accomplish + change.

* los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.

* momento clave del cambio = tipping point.

* moneda de cambio = bargaining chip.

* mostrar por medio de cambio de intensidad en el brillo = flash up.

* motor del cambio = driver of change.

* no hacer ningún cambio = stand + pat.

* no sufrir cambios = remain + normal.

* ocasionar un cambio = bring about + change, trigger + change.

* operación de cambio de sexo = sex-change surgery, sex-change operation.

* permanecer sin cambios = remain + unchanged.

* proceso de cambio = process of change.

* producir un cambio = effect + change, produce + change, trigger + change.

* provocar cambios = wreak + changes.

* provocar un cambio = bring about + change.

* reacio al cambio = resistant to change.

* realizar un cambio = make + alteration, implement + change.

* repercusiones del cambio = impact of change.

* resistente al cambio = resistant to change.

* ritmo del cambio = rate of change, pace of change.

* ser susceptible de cambios = be subject to change.

* sin cambio = inviolate.

* sin cambios = monotone, stable, undisturbed, unchanged, unmodified, unaltered, unedited.

* subsidio para cambio de residencia = resettlement allowance.

* suceder un cambio = occur + change.

* sucesión de cambios bruscos = roller coaster ride, roller coaster.

* sufrir un cambio = experience + change, undergo + change.

* suponer un cambio = bring about + change.

* trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.

Spanish-English dictionary > cambio1
15 scene

si:n
noun

1) (the place where something real or imaginary happens: A murderer sometimes revisits the scene of his crime; The scene of this opera is laid/set in Switzerland.) escena

2) (an incident etc which is seen or remembered: He recalled scenes from his childhood.) escena, episodio, incidente

3) (a show of anger: I was very angry but I didn't want to make a scene.) escena

4) (a view of a landscape etc: The sheep grazing on the hillside made a peaceful scene.) cuadro, paisaje, panorama

5) (one part or division of a play etc: The hero died in the first scene of the third act of the play.) escena

6) (the setting or background for a play etc: Scene-changing must be done quickly.) escenario, decorado

7) (a particular area of activity: the academic/business scene.) escenario

•

- scenery
- scenic
- behind the scenes
- come on the scene

scene n

1. escena

the first act in the play has two scenes el primer acto de la obra tiene dos escenas

2. lugar

a crowd gathered at the scene of the accident se reunió una muchedumbre en el lugar del accidente

scene

tr[siːn]

noun

1 (place) lugar nombre masculino, escenario; (sight, picture) escena

■ the scene of the crime el lugar del crimen

■ a change of scene un cambio de aires, un cambio de ambiente

■ there were scenes of violence hubo escenas de violencia

2 (in play, book) escena

■ Act III, Scene 1 Acto Tercero, Escena Primera

■ the love scene la escena de amor

3 (stage setting) decorado, escenario

■ a rural scene un decorado rural

4 (emotional outburst) escena, escándalo

5 (sphere) ámbito, mundo, panorama nombre masculino

■ the music scene el mundo musical

■ discos are not really my scene a mí no me van las discotecas

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to come on the scene llegar, aparecer, presentarse

to create/make a scene hacer una escena, armar un escándalo, montar un número

to set the scene (describe) describir la escena 2 (prepare, help) crear el ambiente, preparar el terreno

scene ['si:n] n

1) : escena f (en una obra de teatro)

2) scenery: decorado m (en el teatro)

3) view: escena f

4) locale: escenario m

5) commotion, fuss: escándalo m, escena f

to make a scene: armar un escándalo

scene

n.

• escena s.f.

• escenario s.m.

• paisaje s.m.

• perspectiva s.f.

• vista s.f.

siːn
noun

1)

a) ( place)

Golden Square, the scene of violent demonstrations — Golden Square, escenario de violentas manifestaciones

the scene of the crime — la escena or el lugar del crimen

the police were on the scene within minutes — la policía llegó al lugar de los hechos en pocos minutos

to appear on the scene — aparecer*, llegar*

to set the scene (for something) — situar* la escena (de algo)

b) (view, situation) escena f

scenes from everyday life — escenas de la vida cotidiana

2) (in play, book etc) escena f

Act One, Scene Three — acto primero, escena tercera

3) ( stage setting) decorado m

behind the scenes — entre bastidores; (before n)

scene change — cambio m de decorado

4) (fuss, row) escena f

to make o create a scene — hacer* una escena, armar un escándalo, montar un número (Esp fam)

5) ( sphere) ámbito m

the political scene — el ámbito político

the (gay) scene — el ambiente (gay)

the drug scene — el mundo de la droga

it's not my scene — (colloq) no es lo mío

[siːn]
1. N

1) (Theat, Cine, TV, Literat) escena f

Act I, Scene 1 — acto I, escena 1

• a bedroom scene — una escena de dormitorio

• behind the scenes — (lit, fig) entre bastidores

• the big scene in the film — la principal escena de la película

• indoor scene — interior m

• love scenes — escenas fpl de amor

• outdoor scene — exterior m

• the scene is set in a castle — la escena tiene lugar en un castillo

to set the scene for a love affair — crear el ambiente para una aventura sentimental

now let our reporter set the scene for you — ahora permitan que nuestro reportero les describa la escena

2) (=sight) escena f

• it was an amazing scene — era una escena asombrosa

• it was a scene of utter destruction — la escena or el panorama era de destrucción total

• there were scenes of violence — hubo escenas de violencia

3) (=view) vista f, panorama m ; (=landscape) paisaje m

the scene from the top is marvellous — desde la cumbre la vista es maravillosa or el panorama es maravilloso

the scene spread out before you — el panorama que tienes delante

it is a lonely scene — es un paisaje solitario

4) (=place) escenario m, lugar m

the scenes of one's early life — los lugares frecuentados por uno en su juventud

• to appear or come on the scene — llegar

when I came on the scene — cuando llegué

he appeared unexpectedly on the scene — se presentó inesperadamente

• I need a change of scene — necesito un cambio de aires

• the scene of the crime — el lugar or escenario del crimen

• to disappear from the scene — desaparecer (de escena)

• the scene of the disaster — el lugar de la catástrofe

• the police were soon on the scene — la policía no tardó en acudir al lugar de los hechos
(Mil)
• the scene of operations — el teatro de operaciones

5) (=sphere of activity)

• to be part of the Madrid scene — formar parte de la movida madrileña *

• the music scene — la escena musical

• it's not my scene * — no me interesa or llama la atención

• the political scene in Spain — el panorama político español

to disappear from the political scene — desaparecer de la escena política

• the pop scene — el mundo del pop

6) (=painting, drawing) escena f

country scenes — escenas fpl campestres

7) * (=fuss) escena f, escándalo m, bronca f (esp LAm)

• try to avoid a scene — procura que no se monte una escena or el número *

• I hate scenes — detesto las escenas or los escándalos

• to make a scene — hacer or montar una escena, montar un número *

• she had a scene with her husband — riñó con su marido

8) (=display of emotion)

• there were emotional scenes as the hostages appeared — hubo escenas de emoción cuando aparecieron los rehenes

• their argument ended in an ugly scene — su discusión acabó mal

• there were unhappy scenes at the meeting — en la reunión pasaron cosas nada agradables

2.

CPD

scene change N — (Theat) cambio m de escena

scene painter N — (=designer) escenógrafo(-a) m / f ; (=workman) pintor(a) m / f (de paredes)

scene shift N — cambio m de escena

scene shifter N — tramoyista mf

* * *
[siːn]
noun

1)

a) ( place)

Golden Square, the scene of violent demonstrations — Golden Square, escenario de violentas manifestaciones

the scene of the crime — la escena or el lugar del crimen

the police were on the scene within minutes — la policía llegó al lugar de los hechos en pocos minutos

to appear on the scene — aparecer*, llegar*

to set the scene (for something) — situar* la escena (de algo)

b) (view, situation) escena f

scenes from everyday life — escenas de la vida cotidiana

2) (in play, book etc) escena f

Act One, Scene Three — acto primero, escena tercera

3) ( stage setting) decorado m

behind the scenes — entre bastidores; (before n)

scene change — cambio m de decorado

4) (fuss, row) escena f

to make o create a scene — hacer* una escena, armar un escándalo, montar un número (Esp fam)

5) ( sphere) ámbito m

the political scene — el ámbito político

the (gay) scene — el ambiente (gay)

the drug scene — el mundo de la droga

it's not my scene — (colloq) no es lo mío

English-spanish dictionary > scene
16 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

to shift the scenery

См. также в других словарях:

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

to shift the scenery

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: